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this state is a member country of the UN

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1 this state is a member country of the UN

Общая лексика: эта страна является государством-членом ООН

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > this state is a member country of the UN
2 state

state [steɪt]

état ⇒ 1 (a) État ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (c) d'État, de l'État ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (b) officiel ⇒ 2 (c) déclarer ⇒ 3 formuler ⇒ 3

1 noun

(a) (condition) état m;

∎ the country is in a state of war/shock le pays est en état de guerre/choc;

∎ a state of confusion prevailed la confusion régnait;

∎ he was in a state of confusion il ne savait plus où il en était;

∎ he was in a state of panic il a été pris de panique;

∎ she was in a state of terror elle était terrifiée;

∎ the married state le mariage;

∎ the single state le célibat;

∎ chlorine in its gaseous/liquid state le chlore à l'état gazeux/liquide;

∎ to be in a good/bad state (road, carpet, car) être en bon/mauvais état; (person, economy, friendship) aller bien/mal;

∎ the house was in a good/poor state of repair la maison était en bon/mauvais état;

∎ to be in a terrible state (person → emotionally) être dans tous ses états; (→ physically) être dans un état lamentable; (room, papers) être sens dessus dessous;

∎ she was in no (fit) state to make a decision elle était hors d'état de ou elle n'était pas en état de prendre une décision;

∎ the car's not in a state to be driven la voiture n'est pas en état de rouler;

∎ what's the current state of play? où en sont-ils?;

∎ what's the current state of play on the project? où en est le projet?;

∎ familiar to get into a state se mettre dans tous ses états;

∎ he gets into an awful state if I don't phone si je ne lui téléphone pas, il se met dans tous ses états;

∎ there's no need to get into such a state about it ce n'est pas la peine de te mettre dans un état pareil

(b) Politics (nation, body politic) État m;

∎ a state within a state un État dans l'État;

∎ the member states les États membres;

∎ the head of state le chef de l'État;

∎ heads of state chefs mpl d'État;

∎ the separation of (the) Church and (the) State la séparation de l'Église et de l'État

(c) (in US, Australia, India etc → political division) État m;

∎ familiar the States les États-Unis^□, les US;

∎ the State of Ohio l'État de l'Ohio

(d) (pomp) apparat m, pompe f;

∎ he was in his robes of state il était en costume d'apparat

(e) archaic (social position, estate) état m

2 adjective

(a) (government → secret) d'État; (→ subsidy, intervention, pension) de l'État; Economics (→ sector) public; (→ airline, funeral) national

(b) American (not federal → legislature, policy, law) de l'État;

∎ the state capital la capitale de l'État;

∎ a state university une université d'État ou publique;

∎ the Michigan State team l'équipe de l'État du Michigan;

∎ a state park un parc régional;

∎ American to turn state's evidence or state's witness = témoigner contre ses complices en échange d'une remise de peine

(c) (official, ceremonious → ball, dinner, visit) officiel; (→ coach, carriage) d'apparat;

∎ state occasion cérémonie f officielle;

∎ the State Opening of Parliament = l'ouverture officielle du Parlement britannique en présence du souverain

3 transitive verb

(utter, say) déclarer; (express, formulate → intentions) déclarer; (→ demands) formuler; (→ proposition, problem, conclusions, views) énoncer, formuler; (→ conditions) poser;

∎ the president stated emphatically that the rumours were untrue le président a démenti catégoriquement les rumeurs;

∎ I have already stated my position on that issue j'ai déjà fait connaître ma position à ce sujet;

∎ I have stated my opinion j'ai donné mon opinion;

∎ we state the current figures on page five les chiffres actuels sont donnés en page cinq;

∎ the regulations clearly state that daily checks must be made le règlement dit ou indique clairement que des vérifications quotidiennes doivent être effectuées;

∎ please state salary expectations veuillez indiquer le salaire souhaité;

∎ state your name and address donnez vos nom, prénoms et adresse;

∎ the man refused to state his business l'homme a refusé d'expliquer ce qu'il voulait;

∎ as stated above comme indiqué plus haut;

∎ state the figure as a percentage exprimez ou indiquez le chiffre en pourcentage;

∎ to state one's case présenter ses arguments;

∎ Law to state the case for the defence/the prosecution présenter le dossier de la défense/de l'accusation

4 State noun

American (department) le Département d'État

5 in state adverb

en grand apparat, en grande pompe;

∎ to travel in state voyager en grand apparat;

∎ to dine in state dîner en grande pompe;

∎ to lie in state être exposé solennellement;

∎ to live in state mener grand train

►► state of affairs circonstances fpl actuelles;

∎ nothing can be done in the present state of affairs vu les circonstances actuelles, on ne peut rien faire;

∎ this is an appalling state of affairs c'est une situation épouvantable;

∎ ironic this is a fine state of affairs! c'est du propre!;

state apartments appartements mpl de parade;

state of the art (of procedures, systems) ce qui se fait de mieux;

∎ the state of the art in linguistics l'état actuel des connaissances en linguistique;

state attorney procureur m;

American state bank banque f de dépôt (agréée par un État);

state buildings bâtiments mpl publics;

state capitalism capitalisme m d'État;

state church église f d'État;

state control contrôle m étatique; (doctrine) étatisme m;

∎ to be put or placed under state control être nationalisé;

∎ state control of the means of communication nationalisation f des moyens de communication;

American State Department ministère m des Affaires étrangères;

state of emergency état m d'urgence;

∎ a state of emergency has been declared l'état d'urgence a été déclaré;

British State Enrolled Nurse aide-soignant m diplômé, aide-soignante f diplômée;

History States General États généraux mpl;

American state line frontière f entre États;

American state lottery loterie f d'État;

state of mind état m d'esprit;

∎ in your present state of mind dans l'état d'esprit qui est le vôtre;

∎ success is just a state of mind la réussite n'est qu'un état d'esprit;

∎ is he in a better state of mind? est-ce qu'il est dans de meilleures dispositions?;

state pension pension f de l'État;

state police police f de l'État;

American state prison prison f d'État (pour les longues peines);

British State Registered Nurse infirmier m diplômé, infirmière f diplômée (remplacé en 1992 par "Registered Nurse");

American states' rights = principe selon lequel, si la constitution des États-Unis n'octroie ni ne refuse un pouvoir à un État particulier, ce pouvoir appartient de fait à l'État et non au gouvernement fédéral;

British state school école f publique;

British state sector secteur m public;

state socialism socialisme m d'État;

State Supreme Court = instance judiciaire suprême dans chaque État américain;

the state system (education) le public, l'enseignement m public;

American state trooper ≃ gendarme m;

State of the Union address discours m sur l'état de l'Union;

Politics state visit visite f officielle;

∎ he's on a state visit to Japan il est en visite officielle ou voyage officiel au Japon

ⓘ STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS Ce discours radiotélévisé, dans lequel le président des États-Unis dresse le bilan de son programme et en définit les orientations, est prononcé devant le Congrès. L'allocution présidentielle a lieu tous les ans en janvier.

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > state
3 state

I steit noun
1) (the condition in which a thing or person is: the bad state of the roads; The room was in an untidy state; He inquired about her state of health; What a state you're in!; He was not in a fit state to take the class.)

2) (a country considered as a political community, or, as in the United States, one division of a federation: The Prime Minister visits the Queen once a week to discuss affairs of state; The care of the sick and elderly is considered partly the responsibility of the state; (also adjective) The railways are under state control; state-controlled / owned industries.)

3) (ceremonial dignity and splendour: The Queen, wearing her robes of state, drove in a horse-drawn coach to Westminster; (also adjective) state occasions/banquets.)

•

- stately
- stateliness
- statesman
- statesmanlike
- statesmanship
- get into a state
- lie in state
II steit verb
(to say or announce clearly, carefully and definitely: You have not yet stated your intentions.)

- statement

state¹ n

1. estado / condición

he's in a state of shock está en estado de shock

2. estado

how many states are there in the USA? ¿cuántos estados tiene Estados Unidos?

state² vb declarar / afirmar

he stated that he was innocent declaró que era inocente

El gerundio de state se escribe stating

state

tr[steɪt]

noun

1 (condition) estado

■ the state of the economy el estado de la economía

■ a state of shock un estado de shock

■ it's in a bad/good state of repair está en mal/buen estado

■ a terrible state of affairs una situación terrible

■ look at the state of this room! ¡mira cómo está la habitación!

2 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL (government) estado

■ affairs/matters of state asuntos del estado

■ Church and State la Iglesia y el Estado

3 (country, division of country) estado

■ a member state of EEC un país miembro de la CEE

■ one-party state estado de partido único

■ head of state jefe de estado

4 (ceremony, pomp) ceremonia, pompa, solemnidad nombre femenino

adjective

1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL estatal, del estado

■ it came under state ownership pasó a ser propiedad del estado

transitive verb

1 (say, declare, express) exponer, declarar, afirmar

■ please state your name diga su nombre por favor

■ she's not afraid to state her views no tiene miedo de dar su opinión

■ he stated the facts clearly and simply expuso los hechos clara y simplemente

■ the document states the conditions el documento establece las condiciones

2 (specify) fijar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be in a state about something estar nervioso,-a por algo

to be in no fit state to do something no estar en condiciones de hacer algo

to get (oneself) into a state about something ponerse nervioso,-a por algo

to lie in state estar de cuerpo presente

to state the obvious estar de más decir(lo)

state benefit subsidio del estado

state capitalism capitalismo del estado

State Department SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores

state education enseñanza pública

state institution institución nombre femenino estatal

state occasion ocasión nombre femenino de estado

state of emergency estado de emergencia

state of mind estado de ánimo

state school escuela estatal, escuela pública

state secret secreto de estado

state visit visita de estado

the state opening of Parliament la apertura del Parlamento

the States los Estados nombre masculino plural Unidos

state ['steɪt] vt, stated ; stating

1) report: puntualizar, exponer (los hechos, etc.)

state your name: diga su nombre

2) establish, fix: establecer, fijar

state n

1) condition: estado m, condición f

a liquid state: un estado líquido

state of mind: estado de ánimo

in a bad state: en malas condiciones

2) nation: estado m, nación f

3) : estado m (dentro de un país)

the States: los Estados Unidos

state

adj.

• del estado adj.

• estatal adj.

• público, -a adj.

n.

• condición s.f.

• estación s.f.

• estado s.m.

• fausto s.m.

• paraje s.m.

• pompa s.f.

• tenor s.m.

v.

• afirmar v.

• declarar (Jurisprudencia) v.

• expresar v.

• plantear v.

• representar v.

I steɪt
1) noun

Sense I

2)

a) c ( nation) estado m; (before n)

state visit — visita f oficial, visita f de estado

b) c ( division of country) estado m

<the Staxes, police> — ( in US) del estado, estatal

3) u c ( Govt) estado m

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Church and State — la Iglesia y el Estado; (before n) (esp BrE) <control, funding> estatal

state education — enseñanza f pública

state pension — pensión f del estado

state school — escuela f pública or estatal or del estado

4) u ( pomp)

to lie in state — yacer* en capilla ardiente; (before n)

state occasion — ocasión f solemne

Sense II

5) c

a) ( condition) estado m

state of war/emergency — estado de guerra/emergencia

State of the Union message — ( in US) mensaje m or informe m presidencial sobre el estado de la Nación

in a poor state of repair — en bastante mal estado

state of health — (estado m de) salud f

state of mind — estado de ánimo

I was in no (fit) state to make a decision — no estaba en condiciones de tomar una decisión

what a state of affairs! — qué situación tan lamentable!

b) ( poor condition) (colloq)

just look at the state of your fingernails! — mira cómo tienes esas uñas!

she always leaves the kitchen in a state — siempre deja la cocina hecha un asco (fam)

c) ( anxious condition) (colloq)

to be in/get (oneself) into a state about something — estar*/ponerse* nervioso por algo

II

transitive verb \<\<person\>\> \<\<facts/case\>\> exponer*; \<\<problem\>\> plantear, exponer*; \<\<name/address\>\> ( in writing) escribir*, consignar (frml); ( orally) decir*; \<\<law/document\>\> establecer*, estipular

he stated that he had seen her there earlier — afirmó haberla visto antes allí

to state one's views — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, exponer* su (or mi etc) punto de vista

he clearly stated that... — dijo or manifestó claramente que...

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

[steɪt]
1. N

1) (=condition) estado m

the current state of the housing market — el estado actual del mercado inmobiliario

• if this state of affairs continues — si las cosas siguen así

it is a sorry state of affairs when... — es una situación lamentable cuando...

• state of alert — estado m de alerta

• state of grace — estado m de gracia

• state of health — (estado m de) salud f

• to be in a bad or poor state — estar en mal estado

to be in a good state — estar en buenas condiciones

it wasn't in a fit state to be used — no estaba en condiciones de ser usado

he's not in a fit state to do it — no está en condiciones para hacerlo

he arrived home in a shocking state — llegó a casa hecho una pena

she was in no state to talk — no estaba en condiciones para hablar

• state of mind — estado m de ánimo

he was in an odd state of mind — estaba raro

• the state of the nation — el estado de la nación

• state of play — (Sport) situación f del juego

what's the state of play? — (fig) ¿cuál es la situación?

• state of repair — estado m

• state of siege — estado m de sitio

• state of war — estado m de guerra

• state of weightlessness — estado m de ingravidez

2) * (=poor condition)

• you should have seen the state the car was in — tenías que haber visto cómo estaba el coche

• just look at the state of this room! — ¡mira cómo está esta habitación!

• the flat was in a right state after the party — el piso estaba hecho un asco después de la fiesta *

3) * (=agitated condition)

• to be in a state — estar nervioso

his wife is in a terrible state — su mujer está nerviosísima

• to get into a state — ponerse nervioso

now don't get into a state about it — no te pongas nervioso

4) (=region, country) estado m

the State of Washington — el estado de Washington

the State of Israel — el estado de Israel

• the States * — (=USA) los Estados Unidos

• a state within a state — un estado dentro de un estado

5) (=government)

the State — el Estado

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Secretary of State — (US) Secretario(-a) m / f de Asuntos Exteriores

Secretary of State for Education — (Brit) Secretario(-a) m / f de Educación

6) (=rank) rango m ; (=office) cargo m

the state of bishop — la dignidad de obispo

7) (=pomp)

• to dine in state — cenar con mucha ceremonia

• to lie in state — estar de cuerpo presente

• to live in state — vivir lujosamente

• robes of state — ropas fpl de investidura

2. VT

1) frm (=say, show)

state your address and telephone number — (on form) escriba su dirección y número de teléfono; (orally) diga su dirección y número de teléfono

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

to state that... — [rules, law] estipular que...

it is nowhere stated that... — no se dice en ninguna parte que...

the article stated that she had been interviewed by the police — el artículo afirmaba que la policía la había interrogado

it must be stated in the records that... — tiene que hacerse constar en los archivos que...

2) (=declare, affirm) declarar

he has stated his intention to run for President — ha declarado su intención de presentarse como candidato a la presidencia

he has publicly stated that... — ha declarado públicamente que...

3) (=expound on, set out) [+ views] dar, expresar; [+ facts, case, problem] exponer

he was asked to state his views on the subject — se le pidió que diera or expresara su opinión sobre el asunto

I'm simply stating the facts — simplemente estoy exponiendo los hechos

to state the case for the prosecution — exponer los argumentos de la acusación

3.

CPD (Pol) [policy, documents, security] del Estado; [capitalism, socialism, visit, funeral, business] de estado

state aid N — ayuda f estatal

state apartments NPL — apartamentos destinados a visitas de mandatarios

state bank (US) N — banco m estatal or del Estado

state banquet N — banquete m de gala

state benefit N — subsidios mpl del Estado, subsidios mpl estatales

those receiving or on state benefit — aquellos que cobran subsidios del Estado or estatales

State Capitol N — (US) edificio donde tiene su sede el poder legislativo de un estado

state control N — control m público or estatal

to be/come under state control — pasar a manos del Estado

State Department N — (US) Ministerio m de Asuntos Exteriores

state education N — enseñanza f pública

State Enrolled Nurse N — (Brit) (formerly) enfermero(-a) m / f diplomado(-a) (con dos años de estudios)

state fair N — (US) feria f estatal

state funding N — financiación f pública

state highway N — (US) carretera f nacional

state legislature N — (US) poder m legislativo del estado

state line N — (US) frontera f de estado

state militia N — (US) [of specific state] milicia f del estado

state occasion N — acontecimiento m solemne

state of emergency N — estado m de emergencia

State of the Union Address N — (US) discurso m sobre el estado de la nación

See:

see cultural note STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS in state

state ownership N —

they believe in state ownership of the means of production — creen que los medios de producción deberían estar en manos del Estado, son partidarios de que los medios de producción estén en manos del Estado

state pension N — pensión f del Estado, pensión f estatal

state police N — [of country] policía f nacional; (US) [of specific state] policía f del estado

state prison N — (US) cárcel f estatal, prisión f estatal

State Registered Nurse N — (Brit) (formerly) enfermero(-a) m / f diplomado(-a) (con tres años de estudios)

State Representative N — (US) (Pol) representante mf del estado

State's attorney N — (US) procurador(a) m / f del Estado

state school N — (Brit) colegio m público, escuela f pública

state secret N — (lit, fig) secreto m de estado

state sector N — sector m estatal

State Senator N — (US) senador(a) m / f del estado

States' rights NPL — (US) derechos mpl de los estados

state subsidy N — subvención f estatal

state tax N — (US) [of specific state] impuesto m del estado

state trooper N — (US) [of specific state] policía mf del estado

state university N — (US) universidad f pública
STATE OF THE UNION ADDRESS Se denomina State of the Union Address al discurso que el presidente de Estados Unidos dirige cada mes de enero al Congreso y al pueblo estadounidense, en que muestra su visión de la nación y la economía y explica sus planes para el futuro. Como el discurso recibe una amplia cobertura informativa, el mensaje del presidente va dirigido no solo a los parlamentarios sino a todo el país. Esta tradición de dirigirse al Congreso tras las vacaciones de Navidad se debe a que es un requisito de la Constitución que el presidente informe al Congreso de vez en cuando sobre the State of the Union.
STATES' RIGHTS state En EE.UU., States' rights son los derechos de los estados (como por ejemplo la recaudación de impuestos, la aprobación de leyes o el control sobre la educación pública) frente a los del gobierno federal. En la Décima Enmienda de la Constitución se dice que los poderes que la Constitución no concede a los Estados Unidos "se reservan a cada estado particular o al pueblo" y este polémico principio sirvió para justificar la secesión de los estados sureños antes de la Guerra Civil y se convirtió en una consigna contra la integración racial en el sur durante los años 50. Debido a la actual falta de confianza en el gobierno federal, que acapara cada vez más poderes a costa de un aumento del gasto, este principio tiene cada vez más seguidores.
* * *

I [steɪt]
1) noun

Sense I

2)

a) c ( nation) estado m; (before n)

state visit — visita f oficial, visita f de estado

b) c ( division of country) estado m

<the Staxes, police> — ( in US) del estado, estatal

3) u c ( Govt) estado m

affairs of state — asuntos mpl de estado

Church and State — la Iglesia y el Estado; (before n) (esp BrE) <control, funding> estatal

state education — enseñanza f pública

state pension — pensión f del estado

state school — escuela f pública or estatal or del estado

4) u ( pomp)

to lie in state — yacer* en capilla ardiente; (before n)

state occasion — ocasión f solemne

Sense II

5) c

a) ( condition) estado m

state of war/emergency — estado de guerra/emergencia

State of the Union message — ( in US) mensaje m or informe m presidencial sobre el estado de la Nación

in a poor state of repair — en bastante mal estado

state of health — (estado m de) salud f

state of mind — estado de ánimo

I was in no (fit) state to make a decision — no estaba en condiciones de tomar una decisión

what a state of affairs! — qué situación tan lamentable!

b) ( poor condition) (colloq)

just look at the state of your fingernails! — mira cómo tienes esas uñas!

she always leaves the kitchen in a state — siempre deja la cocina hecha un asco (fam)

c) ( anxious condition) (colloq)

to be in/get (oneself) into a state about something — estar*/ponerse* nervioso por algo

II

transitive verb \<\<person\>\> \<\<facts/case\>\> exponer*; \<\<problem\>\> plantear, exponer*; \<\<name/address\>\> ( in writing) escribir*, consignar (frml); ( orally) decir*; \<\<law/document\>\> establecer*, estipular

he stated that he had seen her there earlier — afirmó haberla visto antes allí

to state one's views — dar* su (or mi etc) opinión, exponer* su (or mi etc) punto de vista

he clearly stated that... — dijo or manifestó claramente que...

as stated above — como se indica más arriba

English-spanish dictionary > state
4 country

ˈkʌntrɪ
1. сущ.
1) а) страна;
местность, территория His road lay over a flat country. ≈ Дорога шла по равнине. Syn: region, district б) ландшафт в) страна как административная единица: территория шотландского клана, баронство, герцогство, княжество (и т.п.) ;
страна как местность, принадлежащая кому-л. или населенная кем-л., всегда в сочетаниях The fort at Inversnaid, constructed for the express purpose of bridling the country of the MacGregors. ≈ Форт у Инверснайда, построенный специально, чтобы ограничить набеги с земли клана МакГрегоров. God's own country г) родина, отечество (также в варианте old country) leave the country country damaged Syn: fatherland, motherland д) жители страны, население, граждане appeal to the country go to the country е) перен. область, сфера( знаний, деятельности)
2) а) периферия, провинция б) деревня, сельская местность He is country to the core. ≈ Он - воплощение деревни. - country cousin in the country in the open country
3) муз. стиль кантри country air
4) а) мор. остановка в пути, заход в порт б) мор. часть кубрика, не занятая гамаками
2. прил.
1) сельский;
деревенский country road ≈ проселочная дорога
2) отдаленный от центра, провинциальный - country town - country cousin
3) относящийся к музыке "кантри" страна - member * страна-член( какой-л. организации) ;
страна-участница( какого-л. соглашения) - giving * страна, предоставляющая помощь - * of origin страна происхождения( особ. товара) население, народ страны - the * is opposed to war вся страна против войны избиратели - to go to the * распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы - to put oneself on one's * обратиться к избирателям родина, отечество - this * наша страна, мое отечество - * sickness тоска по родине, ностальгия (тк. в ед. ч.) местность, территория - wooded * лесистая местность - broken * пересеченная местность - level * равнина (the *;
тк. в ед. ч.) sing. деревня, сельская местность, провинция - in the * в деревне, за городом;
на даче область, сфера - this is unknown * to me это неизвестная для меня область (юридическое) присяжные заседатели;
жюри присяжных заседателей (the C.) (спортивное) бег по пересеченной местности музыка "кантри" > every * has its customs;
so many countries, so many customs что (ни) город, то норов, что (ни) деревня, то обычай деревенский, сельский - fresh * air свежий деревенский воздух - * speech просторечие - * manners грубоватые манеры - * road проселочная дорога;
дорога местного значения отдаленный от центра, провинциальный - * town провинциальный город относящийся к музыке "кантри" - * singer исполнитель песен "кантри" ASEAN countries страны - члены Ассоциации государств Юго-Восточной Азии back ~ отдаленные от центра районы;
глушь beneficiary ~ страна проживания бенефициария borrowing ~ страна, пользующаяся займом cereals-exporting ~ страна-экспортер зерна cereals-importing ~ страна-импортер зерна competing ~ конкурирующая страна corn-growing ~ страна, производящая зерно country страна;
surplus ~ страна с активным платежным балансом country: country деревенский ~ деревня (в противоположность городу) ;
сельская местность;
in the country за городом;
в деревне;
на даче;
in the open country на лоне природы ~ жители страны, население ~ жюри присяжных заседателей ~ избиратели ~ ландшафт ~ местность;
территория ~ местность ~ население ~ область, сфера;
this subject is quite unknown country to me этот вопрос - чуждая мне область ~ область ~ отечество ~ периферия, провинция ~ присяжные ~ присяжные заседатели ~ родина, отечество (тж. old country) ;
to leave the country уехать за границу ~ сельский ~ страна ~ сфера ~ территория ~ attr. сельский;
деревенский;
to appeal( или to go) to the country распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы ~ of departure страна отправления ~ of destination страна назначения ~ of domicile страна постоянного проживания ~ of domicile for tax purposes страна проживания для налогообложения ~ of incorporation страна регистрации ~ of issue страна эмиссии ~ of last residence страна последнего пребывания ~ of marketing страна сбыта ~ of origin страна отправления ~ of origin страна происхождения ~ of provenance страна происхождения ~ of residence страна пребывания ~ of residence страна проживания ~ of residence for tax purposes страна пребывания для целей налогообложения ~ of source страна происхождения ~ of warehousing страна складирования ~ of warehousing страна хранения товара creditor ~ страна-кредитор debtor ~ страна-дебитор debtor ~ страна-должник developing ~ развивающаяся страна exporting ~ страна-экспортер exporting ~ экспортирующая страна foreign ~ зарубежная страна foreing ~ зарубежная страна grain-exporting ~ страна, экспортирующая зерно grain-growing ~ страна, производящая зерно grain-importing ~ страна, импортирующая зерно home ~ внутренняя часть страны home ~ отечество home ~ родина host ~ приглашающая страна host ~ принимающая страна host ~ страна пребывания host: ~ attr.: ~ country страна-устроительница (конференций и т. п.) import ~ импортирующая страна importing ~ страна-импортер ~ деревня (в противоположность городу) ;
сельская местность;
in the country за городом;
в деревне;
на даче;
in the open country на лоне природы ~ деревня (в противоположность городу) ;
сельская местность;
in the country за городом;
в деревне;
на даче;
in the open country на лоне природы industrialized ~ промышленно развитая страна landlocked ~ страна, не имеющая выхода к морю ~ родина, отечество (тж. old country) ;
to leave the country уехать за границу less developed ~ развивающаяся страна low-inflation ~ страна с низкими темпами инфляции member ~ страна-участник member ~ страна-член mother ~ метрополия (по отношению к колониям) mother ~ родина native ~ родина neighbouring ~ пограничное государство neighbouring ~ соседняя страна net exporting ~ страна нетто-экспортер newly industrialized countries (NIC) новые промышленно развитые страны newly industrising countries новые индустриальные страны non-EC ~ страна, не входящая в Европейское экономическое сообщество output losses in sending countries потери производства из-за выезда за границу рабочей силы (особенно квалифицированной) participating ~ страна-участница (договора, конференции и т. п.) producer ~ страна-производитель receiving ~ принимающая страна recipient ~ страна-получатель sending ~ страна из которой выезжают мигранты на заработки signatory ~ подписавшееся государство state trading ~ страна, ведущая государственную торговлю country страна;
surplus ~ страна с активным платежным балансом third ~ третья сторона third world countries развивающиеся страны ~ область, сфера;
this subject is quite unknown country to me этот вопрос - чуждая мне область transit ~ страна транзита underdeveloped ~ развивающаяся страна up ~ внутри страны;
внутрь страны

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > country
5 country

[ˈkʌntrɪ]

ASEAN countries страны - члены Ассоциации государств Юго-Восточной Азии back country отдаленные от центра районы; глушь beneficiary country страна проживания бенефициария borrowing country страна, пользующаяся займом cereals-exporting country страна-экспортер зерна cereals-importing country страна-импортер зерна competing country конкурирующая страна corn-growing country страна, производящая зерно country страна; surplus country страна с активным платежным балансом country: country деревенский country деревня (в противоположность городу); сельская местность; in the country за городом; в деревне; на даче; in the open country на лоне природы country жители страны, население country жюри присяжных заседателей country избиратели country ландшафт country местность; территория country местность country население country область, сфера; this subject is quite unknown country to me этот вопрос - чуждая мне область country область country отечество country периферия, провинция country присяжные country присяжные заседатели country родина, отечество (тж. old country); to leave the country уехать за границу country сельский country страна country сфера country территория country attr. сельский; деревенский; to appeal (или to go) to the country распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы country of departure страна отправления country of destination страна назначения country of domicile страна постоянного проживания country of domicile for tax purposes страна проживания для налогообложения country of incorporation страна регистрации country of issue страна эмиссии country of last residence страна последнего пребывания country of marketing страна сбыта country of origin страна отправления country of origin страна происхождения country of provenance страна происхождения country of residence страна пребывания country of residence страна проживания country of residence for tax purposes страна пребывания для целей налогообложения country of source страна происхождения country of warehousing страна складирования country of warehousing страна хранения товара creditor country страна-кредитор debtor country страна-дебитор debtor country страна-должник developing country развивающаяся страна exporting country страна-экспортер exporting country экспортирующая страна foreign country зарубежная страна foreing country зарубежная страна grain-exporting country страна, экспортирующая зерно grain-growing country страна, производящая зерно grain-importing country страна, импортирующая зерно home country внутренняя часть страны home country отечество home country родина host country приглашающая страна host country принимающая страна host country страна пребывания host: country attr.: country country страна-устроительница (конференций и т. п.) import country импортирующая страна importing country страна-импортер country деревня (в противоположность городу); сельская местность; in the country за городом; в деревне; на даче; in the open country на лоне природы country деревня (в противоположность городу); сельская местность; in the country за городом; в деревне; на даче; in the open country на лоне природы industrialized country промышленно развитая страна landlocked country страна, не имеющая выхода к морю country родина, отечество (тж. old country); to leave the country уехать за границу less developed country развивающаяся страна low-inflation country страна с низкими темпами инфляции member country страна-участник member country страна-член mother country метрополия (по отношению к колониям) mother country родина native country родина neighbouring country пограничное государство neighbouring country соседняя страна net exporting country страна нетто-экспортер newly industrialized countries (NIC) новые промышленно развитые страны newly industrising countries новые индустриальные страны non-EC country страна, не входящая в Европейское экономическое сообщество output losses in sending countries потери производства из-за выезда за границу рабочей силы (особенно квалифицированной) participating country страна-участница (договора, конференции и т. п.) producer country страна-производитель receiving country принимающая страна recipient country страна-получатель sending country страна из которой выезжают мигранты на заработки signatory country подписавшееся государство state trading country страна, ведущая государственную торговлю country страна; surplus country страна с активным платежным балансом third country третья сторона third world countries развивающиеся страны country область, сфера; this subject is quite unknown country to me этот вопрос - чуждая мне область transit country страна транзита underdeveloped country развивающаяся страна up country внутри страны; внутрь страны

English-Russian short dictionary > country
6 country

1. n страна

member country — страна-член ; страна-участница

country code — код страны

Black Country — чёрная страна

country at large — вся страна

third country — третья страна

arab country — арабская страна

2. n население, народ страны

the country is opposed to war — вся страна против войны

to precipitate a country into war — ввергнуть страну в войну

to open up a country for trade — открыть страну для торговли

the manners and customs of a country — нравы и обычаи страны

much travelled part of the country — оживлённая часть страны

provisional capital of a country — временная столица страны

3. n избиратели

to go to the country — распустить парламент и назначить новые выборы

4. n родина, отечество

this country — наша страна, моё отечество

mother country — родина, отечество

love of country — любовь к родине, патриотизм

to fight for home and country — сражаться за родину

5. n тк. местность, территория

wooded country — лесистая местность

to spy the country — тщательно исследовать местность

rugged country — сильно пересечённая местность

normal country — среднепересечённая местность

bad tank country — танконедоступная местность

intersected country — пересеченная местность

6. n тк. деревня, сельская местность, провинция

in the country — в деревне, за городом; на даче

open country — открытая местность

close country — закрытая местность

hill country — холмистая местность

country people — сельское население

hilly country — холмистая местность

7. n область, сфера

this is unknown country to me — это неизвестная для меня область

8. n юр. присяжные заседатели; жюри присяжных заседателей

good country — присяжные

9. n спорт. бег по пересечённой местности

broken-back country — пересеченная местность

up-and-down country — холмистая местность

easy country — легкопроходимая местность

passable country — проходимая местность

broken country — пересеченная местность

10. n музыка «кантри»

11. a деревенский, сельский

fresh country air — свежий деревенский воздух

country speech — просторечие

country life — деревенский образ жизни

the country lanes — узкие сельские тропинки

country folk — сельское население, сельские жители

country store — сельская лавка; деревенский универмаг

the delights of country life — прелести сельской жизни

12. a отдалённый от центра, провинциальный

country town — провинциальный город

country press — провинциальная пресса

13. a относящийся к музыке «кантри»

country singer — исполнитель песен «кантри»

country music — музыка «кантри»

issuer country code — код страны эмитента

numeric country code — цифровой код страны

acquirer country code — код страны обслуживающего банка

Синонимический ряд:

1. describing persons (adj.) agrarian; agrestic; Arcadian; bucolic; campestral; countrified; describing land; describing persons; farming; homey; non-urban; out-country; outland; pastoral; provincial; rural; rustic

2. area (noun) area; land; terrain; territory

3. citizens (noun) citizens; inhabitants; people; populace

4. nation (noun) a people; fatherland; government; home; homeland; kingdom; mother country; motherland; nation; native land; polity; realm; soil; sovereign state; state

5. rural area (noun) back country; backwoods; countryside; farming district; farmland; outback; rural area; rural region; sparsely settled areas; the boondocks; the boonies

English-Russian base dictionary > country
7 эта страна является государством-членом ООН

General subject: this state is a member country of the UN

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > эта страна является государством-членом ООН
8 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
9 país

m.

country, nation, region.

* * *

país

► nombre masculino

1 country

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

del país local

* * *

noun m.

1) country

2) region

* * *

SM

1) (=nación) country

los países miembros o participantes — the member countries

país de las maravillas — wonderland

país de nunca jamás — never-never land

país deudor — debtor nation

país en desarrollo, país en vías de desarrollo — developing nation

país natal — native land

país satélite — satellite country o state

2) (=tierra) land, region

vino del país — local wine

3) (Arte) (=paisaje) landscape

* * *

masculino

a) ( unidad política) country

los países miembros — the member countries

b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

el país de las maravillas — wonderland

ciego II

- País de Gales

- país de origen

- Países Bajos

- país natal

- país satélite

- País Vasco

* * *

= country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

Ex. It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

Ex. Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.

Ex. Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.

----

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.

* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].

* código del país = country code.

* compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* corazón de un país = heartland.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.

* de un país desarrollado = first world.

* división de país = country division.

* emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.

* en nuestro país = at home.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* Liga de los Países †rabes = League of Arab States.

* nacido en el país = native-born.

* natural del país = native-born.

* OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].

* país anfitrión = host country.

* país capitalista = capitalist country.

* país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.

* país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.

* país de adopción = adopted country.

* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.

* País de Gales = Wales.

* país de las maravillas = wonderland.

* país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.

* país del tercer mundo = third world country.

* país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.

* país de procedencia = country of origin.

* país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.

* país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.

* países ACP = ACP countries.

* países árabes = Arab countries.

* Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.

* países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.

* países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.

* países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.

* países industrializados = industrially developed countries.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.

* país exportador = exporting country.

* país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.

* país extraño = foreign country.

* país firmante = signatory country.

* país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* país multicultural = rainbow nation.

* país natal = back home.

* país productor de información científica = science producer.

* país socialista = socialist country.

* país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país subtropical = subtropical country.

* país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país tropical = tropical country.

* reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.

* transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).

* vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.

* visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

* * *

masculino

a) ( unidad política) country

los países miembros — the member countries

b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

en un país lejano — in a distant o faraway land

el país de las maravillas — wonderland

ciego II

- País de Gales

- país de origen

- Países Bajos

- país natal

- país satélite

- País Vasco

* * *

= country, mainland, economy [economies, -pl.].

Ex: It is less obviously effective to aim to generate a centralised cataloguing service which will cover all the materials acquired by libraries in a given country.

Ex: Thus this code was important in catalogues on the mainland of Europe.

Ex: Post-industrial economies are information-intensive.

* afectar a todo el país = sweep + the country.

* Alicia en el País de las Maravillas = Alice in Wonderland.

* a lo largo y ancho del país = countrywide [country-wide].

* código del país = country code.

* compuesto de varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* corazón de un país = heartland.

* de todo el país = across the land, all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country.

* de un extremo a otro del país = cross-country.

* de un país desarrollado = first world.

* división de país = country division.

* emigrantes que huyen de su país en barca o patera = boat people.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = in the land of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the country of the blind, the one-eyed man is king, in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king.

* en el país de los ciegos el tuerto es el rey = be a case of the blind leading the blind.

* en nuestro país = at home.

* en todo el país = all around the country, all over the country, from all over the country, across the country.

* entre países = transfrontier, transborder, transnational, cross-country, cross-national [cross national], cross-border.

* entre varios países = multi-country [multicountry].

* Liga de los Países rabes = League of Arab States.

* nacido en el país = native-born.

* natural del país = native-born.

* OPEC, la [Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo] = OPEC [Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries].

* país anfitrión = host country.

* país capitalista = capitalist country.

* país con armas nucleares = nuclear state.

* país cuya lengua oficial no es el inglés = non-English-speaking country.

* país de adopción = adopted country.

* país de Europa del Este = Eastern European country.

* País de Gales = Wales.

* país de las maravillas = wonderland.

* país del Golfo Persa = Arab Gulf country, Gulf country, Arabian Gulf state, Persian Gulf country.

* país del tercer mundo = third world country.

* país de origen = country of origin, national origin, home country.

* país de procedencia = country of origin.

* país desarrollado = developed country, developed nation, advanced economy, first-world nation.

* país en vías de desarrollo = developing country, transitional nation, transitional economy, developing nation, emerging economy, developing economy, country with developing economy.

* países ACP = ACP countries.

* países árabes = Arab countries.

* Países Bajos, los = Netherlands, the, Low Countries, the.

* países balcánicos, los = Balkans, the.

* países bálticos, los = Baltic countries, the, Baltics, the, Baltic States, the.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países de la costa del Pacífico = Pacific Rim, the.

* países en vías de desarrollo, los = developing world, the.

* países industrializados = industrially developed countries.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* países nórdicos, los = Nordic countries, the.

* país exportador = exporting country.

* país extranjero = foreign country, overseas country.

* país extraño = foreign country.

* país firmante = signatory country.

* país industrializado = industrialised country, industrialised nation, industrial nation.

* país miembro = member country.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* país multicultural = rainbow nation.

* país natal = back home.

* país productor de información científica = science producer.

* país socialista = socialist country.

* país subdesarrollado = undeveloped country, underdeveloped nation, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país subtropical = subtropical country.

* país tercermundista = third world country, banana republic, mickey mouse country.

* país tropical = tropical country.

* reducción de la cuota de los países endeudados = debt relief.

* transferencia de información entre países = transborder data flow (TBDF).

* vender en el extranjero a precios inferiores que en el país de origen = dump.

* visita con conferencia a varios lugares de un país = lecture tour.

* * *

país

masculine

El País (↑ país a1)

A

1 (unidad política) country

los países miembros the member countries

2 (ciudadanos) nation

se dirigió al país he addressed the nation

el apoyo de todo el país the support of the whole nation o country

3 (en ficción) land

el país de los sueños the land of Nod

el país de las maravillas wonderland

en un país lejano in a distant o faraway land

ciego² (↑ ciego (2))

Compuestos:

● país comerciante

trading nation

● país de origen

(de una persona) home country, native land; (de un producto) country of origin

● países candidatos

(UE) candidate countries

● Países de Europa Central y Oriental

(UE) Central and Eastern European Countries

● país satélite

satellite, satellite nation

B (de un abanico) covering

* * *

país sustantivo masculino
a) ( unidad política) country;

◊ país de origen ( de persona) home country, native land;

( de producto) country of origin;
◊ los Ppaíses Bajos the Netherlands;

el Ppaís de Gales Wales;
el Ppaís Vasco the Basque Country
b) ( ciudadanos) nation

c) ( en ficción) land

país sustantivo masculino country, land: recorrió países lejanos, he travelled around distant lands
los países tropicales, the tropical countries
País Valenciano, Valencia
País Vasco, Basque Country
Países Bajos, Netherlands pl
' país' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
adelantada
- adelantado
- añorar
- atrasada
- atrasado
- atraso
- ciudad
- Congo
- contarse
- damnificada
- damnificado
- desarraigar
- desarrollada
- desarrollado
- descomposición
- desmembrar
- dominar
- dominación
- economía
- económica
- económico
- ETA
- exilio
- fantasma
- feudo
- Gales
- hambre
- militarista
- moneda
- natal
- percance
- productor
- productora
- promover
- punta
- puntera
- puntero
- refugio
- regir
- representar
- sacudir
- salir
- satélite
- suelo
- tierra
- tiniebla
- Túnez
- vasca
- vasco
- abatir
English:
acclaim
- acknowledge
- acute
- administer
- administration
- affair
- alien
- America
- authority
- backward
- Basque Country
- betray
- brain
- chapter
- characteristic
- conception
- country
- cripple
- defect
- develop
- developing
- distant
- district
- drain
- earthquake
- election
- embargo
- envisage
- envision
- equality
- expatriate
- flag
- foreign
- free
- governor
- home
- homegrown
- institute
- land
- mainland
- map
- mess
- miss
- nationwide
- norm
- open up
- overcrowded
- overrun
- point
- Postmaster General

* * *

país (pl países) nm

1. [nación] country;

el país votó “no” en el referéndum the country o nation voted “no” in the referendum;

Prov

en el país de los ciegos, el tuerto es rey in the kingdom of the blind, the one-eyed man is king

Comp
los países no alineados the nonaligned countries;
los Países Bajos the Netherlands;

los países bálticos the Baltic States;

países desarrollados developed countries;

el País de Gales Wales;

país natal native country, homeland;

país neutral neutral country;

país de origen country of origin;

país de reciente industrialización newly industrialized country;

país satélite satellite state;

países subdesarrollados underdeveloped countries;

el País Valenciano the autonomous region of Valencia;

el País Vasco the Basque Country;

países en vías de desarrollo developing countries

2. [tierra] land;

en un país muy lejano… in a distant o far-off land…;

en el país de las maravillas in wonderland;

el país de nunca-jamás never-never land

* * *

país

m country;

país en vías de desarrollo developing country;

país productor producer country;

país comunitario EU country;

los Países Bajos the Netherlands

* * *

país nm

1) nación: country, nation

2) región: region, territory

* * *

país n country [pl. countries]

Spanish-English dictionary > país
10 Land

n; -(e)s, Länder und Lande

1. nur Sg.; (Grund und Boden) land; (Ackerboden) land, soil; 10 Hektar Land 10 hectares of land; das Land bebauen farm the land; lit. till the soil

2. nur. Sg.; (Ggs. Wasser) land; Land in Sicht NAUT. land ahead; an Land ashore; an Land gehen go ashore, disembark; etw. an Land ziehen land s.th., pull s.th. ashore; umg., fig. land o.s. s.th.; wieder ( festes) Land unter den Füßen haben be back on terra firma ( oder dry land); Land sehen see land; ( wieder) Land sehen umg., fig. see the light at the end of the tunnel; ich sehe noch kein Land fig. there’s no end in sight yet; kein Land mehr sehen fig. be completely at sea, be floundering; unter I, 1

3. nur Sg.; (Ggs. Stadt) country; countryside; auf dem Land in the country; aufs Land fahren go ( oder drive) out into the country(side); aufs Land ziehen move to the country(side); ( draußen) auf dem flachen oder platten Land umg. out in the sticks, in the middle of nowhere

4. Pl. altm. oder hum. Lande; (Gegend) region; (Landschaft) country; hügeliges Land hilly (stretch of) country; durch die Lande reisen oder ziehen travel widely; in deutschen Landen altm., hum. in Germany; ins Land gehen oder ziehen fig., Zeit: pass, elapse

5. Pl. Länder; (geographisches Land) country; (Staat) auch nation, state; lit. land; das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt hum. the land of milk and honey; das Land meiner / seiner etc. Väter geh. the land of my / his etc. fathers; das Land meiner Träume the land of my dreams; das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of limitless opportunity; das Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun; das Land der tausend Seen the land of a thousand lakes; andere Länder, andere Sitten Sprichw. when in Rome, do as the Romans do; Land und Leute kennen lernen get to know the country and its people; aus aller Herren Länder from all four corners of the earth; wieder im Lande sein umg., fig. be back again; (unter den Leuten) be back in circulation; bist du wieder mal im Lande? umg., nach langer Abwesenheit: returned from your wanderings, have you?, iro. hello (there), stranger!; zu einem Ausländer etc.: come to see us again, have you?; bei uns zu Land in our country, where we live gelobt, heilig

6. nur Sg.; (Territorium, Lebensraum) territory, land; dieses Gebiet war das Land der Apachen this area was Apache territory ( oder land)

7. Pl. Länder; POL., innerhalb Deutschlands: (federal) state, Land (Pl. Länder); in Österreich: province; die Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland the states ( oder Länder) of the Federal Republic of Germany; das Land Bayern the state of Bavaria; das Land Kärnten the province of Carinthia

8. nur Sg.: Land der Träume etc. fig. land of dreams etc.

* * *

das Land

(Ackerland) soil;

(Gegensatz zu Wasser) land;

(Grund und Boden) land; property;

(Staat) country; state;

(ländliche Gegend) countryside; country

* * *
Lạnd [lant]
nt -(e)s, -er
['lɛndɐ]
1) (= Gelände, Festland) land; (= Landschaft) country, landscape

ein Stück Land — a plot of land or ground

Land bestellen — to till the soil or land

Land bebauen — to cultivate the land

Land gewinnen (lit) (am Meer) — to reclaim land; (Agr) to cultivate land; (fig) to gain ground

an Land gehen — to go ashore

jdn an Land setzen — to put sb ashore

an Land schwimmen — to swim to the shore

Land sehen (lit) — to see or sight land

endlich können wir Land sehen/sehe ich Land (fig) — at last we/I can see the light at the end of the tunnel

kein Land mehr sehen ( können) (fig) — to be completely muddled, to be in a complete muddle

etw an Land ziehen — to pull sth ashore

ein Boot an Land ziehen — to beach a boat

einen Fisch an Land ziehen — to land a fish

einen Millionär/einen Auftrag an Land ziehen (inf) — to land a millionaire/an order

Land in Sicht! — land ahoy!

Land unter! — land submerged!

bei uns/euch zu Lande — back home, where we/you come from or live, in our/your country

2) (= ländliches Gebiet) country

aufs Land — (in)to the country

auf dem Land(e) — in the country

vom Land(e) — from the country

über Land fahren (mit Auto etc) — to drive/travel across country; (Fahrschüler) to drive on country roads; (old

3) (= Staat) country, land (esp liter); (= Bundesland) (in BRD) Land, state; (in Österreich) province

das Land Hessen — the state of Hesse

das Land Tirol — the province of Tyrol, Tyrol province

außer Landes sein/gehen — to be out of/leave the country

Land und Leute kennenlernen — to get to know the country and its inhabitants

das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten — the new world, the land of limitless opportunity

das Land der aufgehenden Sonne — the land of the rising sun

aus aller Herren Länder(n) — from all over the world, from the four corners of the earth

der Frühling war ins Land gezogen (liter) — spring had arrived

seitdem waren viele Jahre ins Land gegangen or gezogen (liter) — many years had passed since then

bleibe im Lande und nähre dich redlich (prov) — stay put and prosper

See:

→ Milch

4) pl (poet) lands pl

in fernen Landen (liter) — in distant lands, in faraway lands

durch die Lande ziehen (liter) — to roam abroad

* * *

das

1) (the solid part of the surface of the Earth which is covered by the sea: We had been at sea a week before we saw land.) land

2) (a country: foreign lands.) land

3) (the ground or soil: He never made any money at farming as his land was poor and stony.) land

4) (an estate: He owns land/lands in Scotland.) land

5) (any of the nations of the world; the land occupied by a nation: Canada is a larger country than Spain.) country

6) ((usually with the) districts where there are fields, moors etc as opposed to towns and areas with many buildings: a quiet holiday in the country; ( also adjective) country districts.) country

* * *

Land

<-[e]s, Länder>

[lant, pl ˈlɛndɐ]

nt

1. (Staat) country, state, nation

aus aller Herren Länder[n] from all corners of the earth

\Land und Leute the country and its people

andere Länder, andere Sitten every country has its own customs

das \Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of opportunity

das \Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun

das \Land der Verheißung, das Gelobte \Land the promised land

das Heilige \Land the Holy Land

durch die \Lande ziehen (geh) to travel around

außer \Landes abroad, out of the country

bei jdm zu \Land where sb comes from, in sb's country

2. (Bundesland) federal state

3. NAUT land

\Land in Sicht! land ahoy!

\Land unter! NORDD land under water!

zu \Lande und zu Wasser on land and at sea

an \Land gehen, \Land sehen to sight land, to go ashore

jdn an \Land setzen to put sb ashore

jdn/etw an \Land spülen to wash sb/sth ashore

jdn/etw an \Land ziehen to pull sb/sth ashore

an \Land ashore

4. kein pl (Gelände) land, property

das \Land bestellen to till the soil

5. kein pl (ländliche Gegend) country

auf dem flachen [o platten] \Land[e] on the plains

aufs \Land ziehen to move to the country

auf dem \Land[e] in the country

6.

▶ das \Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt the land of milk and honey

▶ bleibe im \Lande und nähre dich redlich (prov) enjoy the trappings of home

▶ [wieder] \Land sehen (fam) to get things sorted [again]

endlich sehe ich wieder \Land I'm finally getting things sorted again

▶ etw an \Land ziehen (fam) to land sth fam

▶ ins \Land ziehen [o gehen] (geh) to pass

die Jahre zogen ins \Land the years went by

* * *

das; Landes, Länder od. (veralt.) Lande

1) o. Pl. land no indef. art.

an Land — ashore

Land in Sicht! — (Seemannsspr.) land [ahead]!

‘Land unter!’ melden — report that the land is flooded or under water

[wieder] Land sehen — (fig.) be able to see light at the end of the tunnel (fig.)

[sich (Dat.)] eine Millionärin/antike Truhe/einen fetten Auftrag an Land ziehen — (ugs., oft scherzh.) hook a millionairess/get one's hands on an antique chest/land a fat contract

2) o. Pl. (Grund und Boden) land

ein Stück Land — a plot or piece of land or ground

das Land bebauen/bestellen — farm/till the land

3) Plural Lande (veralt.) (Gegend) country; land

Wochen/Jahre waren ins Land gegangen — weeks/years had passed or gone by

4) o. Pl. (dörfliche Gegend) country no indef. art.

auf dem Land wohnen — live in the country

aufs Land ziehen — move into the country

5) Plural Länder (Staat) country

andere Länder, andere Sitten — (Spr.) every nation has its own ways of behaving

Land und Leute kennen lernen — get to know the country and its people or inhabitants

außer Landes gehen/sich außer Landes befinden — leave the country/be out of the country

wieder im Lande sein — (ugs.) be back again

hier zu Lande — [here] in this country

6) (Bundesland) Land; state; (österr.) province
•• Cultural note:
Land

Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states called Länder or Bundesländer. Five so-called neue Bundesländer were added after reunification in 1990. The Land has a degree of autonomy and is responsible for all educational and cultural affairs, the police, the environment, and local government. The German Länder, including three city-states, and their state capitals are: Baden-Württemberg, capital: Stuttgart; Bayern( Bavaria), capital: München( Munich); Berlin; Brandenburg, capital: Potsdam; Bremen; Hamburg; Hessen (Hesse), capital: Wiesbaden; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern ( Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), capital: Schwerin; Niedersachsen( Lower Saxony), capital: Hannover( Hanover); Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), capital: Düsseldorf; Rheinland-Pfalz ( Rhineland-Palatinate), capital: Mainz; Saarland, capital: Saarbrücken; Sachsen( Saxony), capital: Dresden; Sachsen-Anhalt ( Saxony-Anhalt), capital: Magdeburg; Schleswig-Holstein, capital: Kiel; Thüringen( Thuringia), capital: Erfurt. Austria is a federal state consisting of 9 Länder: Burgenland; Kärnten( Carinthia); Niederösterreich( Lower Austria); Oberösterreich( Upper Austria); Salzburg; Steiermark( Styria); Tirol (Tyrol); Vorarlberg; Wien( Vienna).The Swiss equivalent of a German or Austrian Land is a Kanton

* * *

Land n; -(e)s, Länder und Lande

1. nur sg; (Grund und Boden) land; (Ackerboden) land, soil;

10 Hektar Land 10 hectares of land;

das Land bebauen farm the land; liter till the soil

2. nur. sg; (Ggs Wasser) land;

Land in Sicht SCHIFF land ahead;

an Land ashore;

an Land gehen go ashore, disembark;

etwas an Land ziehen land sth, pull sth ashore; umg, fig land o.s. sth;

wieder (festes) Land unter den Füßen haben be back on terra firma ( oder dry land);

Land sehen see land;

(wieder) Land sehen umg, fig see the light at the end of the tunnel;

ich sehe noch kein Land fig there’s no end in sight yet;

kein Land mehr sehen fig be completely at sea, be floundering; → unter¹ A, 1

3. nur sg; (Ggs Stadt) country; countryside;

auf dem Land in the country;

aufs Land fahren go ( oder drive) out into the country(side);

aufs Land ziehen move to the country(side);

(draußen) auf dem flachen oder

platten Land umg out in the sticks, in the middle of nowhere

4. pl obs oder hum Lande; (Gegend) region; (Landschaft) country;

hügeliges Land hilly (stretch of) country;

durch die Lande reisen oder

ziehen travel widely;

in deutschen Landen obs, hum in Germany;

ins Land gehen oder

ziehen fig, Zeit: pass, elapse

5. pl Länder; (geografisches Land) country; (Staat) auch nation, state; liter land;

das Land, wo Milch und Honig fließt hum the land of milk and honey;

das Land meiner/seiner etc

Väter geh the land of my/his etc fathers;

das Land meiner Träume the land of my dreams;

das Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkeiten the land of limitless opportunity;

das Land der aufgehenden Sonne the land of the rising sun;

das Land der tausend Seen the land of a thousand lakes;

andere Länder, andere Sitten sprichw when in Rome, do as the Romans do;

Land und Leute kennenlernen get to know the country and its people;

aus aller Herren Länder from all four corners of the earth;

wieder im Lande sein umg, fig be back again; (unter den Leuten) be back in circulation;

bist du wieder mal im Lande? umg, nach langer Abwesenheit: returned from your wanderings, have you?, iron hello (there), stranger!; zu einem Ausländer etc: come to see us again, have you?;

bei uns zu Land in our country, where we live → gelobt, heilig

6. nur sg; (Territorium, Lebensraum) territory, land;

dieses Gebiet war das Land der Apachen this area was Apache territory ( oder land)

7. pl Länder; POL, innerhalb Deutschlands: (federal) state, Land (pl Länder); in Österreich: province;

die Länder der Bundesrepublik Deutschland the states ( oder Länder) of the Federal Republic of Germany;

das Land Bayern the state of Bavaria;

das Land Kärnten the province of Carinthia

8. nur sg:

Land der Träume etc fig land of dreams etc

* * *

das; Landes, Länder od. (veralt.) Lande

1) o. Pl. land no indef. art.

an Land — ashore

Land in Sicht! — (Seemannsspr.) land [ahead]!

‘Land unter!’ melden — report that the land is flooded or under water

[wieder] Land sehen — (fig.) be able to see light at the end of the tunnel (fig.)

[sich (Dat.)] eine Millionärin/antike Truhe/einen fetten Auftrag an Land ziehen — (ugs., oft scherzh.) hook a millionairess/get one's hands on an antique chest/land a fat contract

2) o. Pl. (Grund und Boden) land

ein Stück Land — a plot or piece of land or ground

das Land bebauen/bestellen — farm/till the land

3) Plural Lande (veralt.) (Gegend) country; land

Wochen/Jahre waren ins Land gegangen — weeks/years had passed or gone by

4) o. Pl. (dörfliche Gegend) country no indef. art.

auf dem Land wohnen — live in the country

aufs Land ziehen — move into the country

5) Plural Länder (Staat) country

andere Länder, andere Sitten — (Spr.) every nation has its own ways of behaving

Land und Leute kennen lernen — get to know the country and its people or inhabitants

außer Landes gehen/sich außer Landes befinden — leave the country/be out of the country

wieder im Lande sein — (ugs.) be back again

hier zu Lande — [here] in this country

6) (Bundesland) Land; state; (österr.) province
•• Cultural note:
Land

Germany is a federal republic consisting of 16 member states called Länder or Bundesländer. Five so-called neue Bundesländer were added after reunification in 1990. The Land has a degree of autonomy and is responsible for all educational and cultural affairs, the police, the environment, and local government. The German Länder, including three city-states, and their state capitals are: Baden-Württemberg, capital: Stuttgart; Bayern (Bavaria), capital: München (Munich); Berlin; Brandenburg, capital: Potsdam; Bremen; Hamburg; Hessen (Hesse), capital: Wiesbaden; Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania), capital: Schwerin; Niedersachsen (Lower Saxony), capital: Hannover (Hanover); Nordrhein-Westfalen (North Rhine-Westphalia), capital: Düsseldorf; Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate), capital: Mainz; Saarland, capital: Saarbrücken; Sachsen (Saxony), capital: Dresden; Sachsen-Anhalt (Saxony-Anhalt), capital: Magdeburg; Schleswig-Holstein, capital: Kiel; Thüringen (Thuringia), capital: Erfurt. Austria is a federal state consisting of 9 Länder: Burgenland; Kärnten (Carinthia); Niederösterreich (Lower Austria); Oberösterreich (Upper Austria); Salzburg; Steiermark (Styria); Tirol (Tyrol); Vorarlberg; Wien (Vienna).The Swiss equivalent of a German or Austrian Land is a Kanton

* * *

¨-er n.

country n.

county n.

land n.

terra n.

Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Land
11 fuera

adv.

1 outside.

hace frío fuera it's cold outside

fuera de la casa outside the house

lo echó fuera she threw him out

salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot

hacia fuera outward

por fuera (on the) outside

sólo vimos la iglesia por fuera we only saw the church from the outside

2 away.

Ana está fuera Ana is away (de viaje)

de fuera from abroad (extranjero)

a los de fuera les sorprende people who aren't from round here o strangers find it strange

intj.

out of here, go away, get out, out.

imperf.subj.

1 3^rd person singular (él/ella/ello) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ser.

2 1^st person singular (yo) Imperfect Subjunctive of Spanish verb: ir.

* * *

fuera

► adverbio

1 (exterior) out, outside

■ por fuera on the outside

■ gente de fuera people from other places

■ salimos fuera we went out, we went outside

2 (alejado) away; (en el extranjero) abroad

► interjección

1 get out!

► preposición fuera de

1 (un lugar) out of; (más allá de) outside, beyond; (excepto) except for, apart from

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself

fuera de combate knocked out

fuera de duda beyond doubt

fuera de lo normal extraordinary, very unusual

fuera de peligro out of danger

fuera de serie extraordinary

jugar fuera DEPORTE to play away

el equipo de fuera DEPORTE the away team

fuera de juego offside

————————

fuera

► imperfecto subjuntivo

1→ link=ser ser

2→ link=ir ir

* * *

adv.

1) outside, out

2) away

3) abroad

•

- fuera de

* * *

ADV

1) [de edificio, objeto] [indicando posición] outside; [indicando dirección] out

los niños estaban jugando fuera — the children were playing outside

¡estamos aquí fuera! — we're out here!

el perro tenía la lengua fuera — the dog had his tongue hanging out

llevaba la camisa fuera — his shirt was hanging out

¡fuera! — get out!

¡segundos fuera! — (Boxeo) seconds out!

ir o salir fuera — to go out, go outside

• comer fuera — [al aire libre] to eat outside; [en restaurante] to eat out

hoy vamos a cenar fuera — we're going out for dinner tonight, we're eating out tonight

• de fuera — from outside

trae una silla de fuera — bring a chair in from outside

productos que vienen de fuera de la Unión Europea — products from outside the European Union

tenemos que traer a alguien de fuera — we need to bring somebody from outside in

• desde fuera — from outside

• la parte de fuera — the outside, the outer part

• por fuera — (on the) outside

lo han pintado solo por fuera — they've only painted it on the outside

por fuera está duro — it's hard on the outside

esta camisa se lleva por fuera — this shirt is worn outside, this shirt is not tucked in
lengua 1)
2) [de ciudad, trabajo]

estar fuera — to be away, be out of town

estuvo fuera ocho semanas — he was away for eight weeks

mis padres llevan varios días fuera — my parents have been away for several days

3) (tb: fuera del país) abroad, out of the country

toda la maquinaria viene de fuera — all the machinery comes from abroad

vienen visitantes de fuera para verlo — people come from abroad to see it

"¡invasores fuera!" — "invaders go home!"

estar fuera — to be abroad

ir o salir fuera — to go abroad

4) (Dep)

a) [en un partido]

estar fuera — [pelota] (Ftbl) to be out of play; (Rugby) to be in touch; (Tenis) to be out

• fuera de juego — offside

• fuera de tiempo, estamos fuera de tiempo — time's up

• tirar fuera — to shoot wide

b) (tb: fuera de casa) away, away from home

el equipo de fuera — the away team

una victoria fuera de casa — an away win

jugar fuera — to play away (from home)

5)

• fuera de —

a) (=en el exterior de) outside, out of

estaba fuera de su jaula — it was outside o out of its cage

esperamos fuera de la puerta — we waited outside the door

b) (=aparte) apart from, aside from

pero fuera de eso — but apart o aside from that

fuera de que... — apart from the fact that...

c)

• fuera de alcance — out of reach

• fuera de combate — (Mil) wounded; (Boxeo) K.O.ed

dejar a algn fuera de combate — to knock sb out

quedar fuera de combate — to be knocked out

• fuera de lo común — unusual

• estar fuera de lugar — to be inappropriate, be out of place

• fuera de peligro — out of danger

• fuera de serie — exceptional

se ha comprado un coche fuera de serie — he has bought an exceptional car

es un fuera de serie — he's quite exceptional

- estar fuera de sí

* * *
I
adverbio

1)

a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien — it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

pintar una casa por fuera — to paint the outside of a house

por fuera es rojo — it's red on the outside

b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

c) ( en interjecciones)

fuera (de aquí)! — get out (of here)!

fuera los traidores! — traitors out!

2)

fuera de — (loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

está fuera del país — he's out of the country

ocurrió fuera del edificio — it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance — it's out of my price range

fuera del alcance de los niños — out of reach of the children

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

b) ( excepto) apart from

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3) (en otras locs)

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

•

- fuera de borda

- fuera de juego or de lugar

- fuera de la ley

- fuera de serie
II
fuéramos, etc see ir, ser

* * *

= in the open.

Ex. As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.

----

* bebida de fuera = outside drink.

* caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.

* caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.

* caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.

* circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.

* colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* comer fuera = eat out.

* comida de fuera = outside food.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.

* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.

* dentro y fuera de = in and out of.

* desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.

* desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.

* desde fuera = from the outside.

* echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.

* encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.

* estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.

* estar fuera = be out.

* estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.

* estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.

* estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.

* estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.

* estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.

* estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.

* estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.

* estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.

* fuera de = outside (of), outwith.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera de circulación = out of circulation.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* fuera de cobertura = out of range.

* fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.

* fuera de juego = offside.

* fuera de la casa = out-of-home.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.

* fuera de la universidad = off-campus.

* fuera de la vista = out of view.

* fuera del campus = off-campus.

* fuera del control de = beyond the control of.

* fuera del escenario = off stage.

* fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.

* fuera de línea = offline [off-line].

* fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.

* fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.

* fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.

* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.

* fuera del redil = beyond the pale.

* fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.

* fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.

* fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.

* fuera de plazo = late.

* fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.

* fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.

* fuera de rumbo = off course.

* fuera de secuencia = out of range.

* fuera de serie = crackerjack.

* fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.

* fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.

* fuera de tino = wide of the mark.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* gol fuera de juego = offside goal.

* hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.

* hacia fuera = outwards.

* impresión fuera de línea = offline print.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.

* salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.

* tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* un día fuera = a day out.

* usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

* * *
I
adverbio

1)

a) (lugar, parte) [Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien — it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera — ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside; ( en un restaurante) we'll eat out

pintar una casa por fuera — to paint the outside of a house

por fuera es rojo — it's red on the outside

b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera — ( los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

c) ( en interjecciones)

fuera (de aquí)! — get out (of here)!

fuera los traidores! — traitors out!

2)

fuera de — (loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of

está fuera del país — he's out of the country

ocurrió fuera del edificio — it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance — it's out of my price range

fuera del alcance de los niños — out of reach of the children

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles — outside o beyond the range of the missiles

b) ( excepto) apart from

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien — apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3) (en otras locs)

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out; fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified; su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition; fuera de cuentas (Esp) overdue; fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law; fuera de lugar <mueble/persona> out of place; < comentario> inappropriate, out of place; fuera de peligro out of danger; fuera de serie <jugador/cantante> exceptional, outstanding; fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself; fuera de temporada or estación — out of season

•

- fuera de borda

- fuera de juego or de lugar

- fuera de la ley

- fuera de serie
II
fuéramos, etc see ir, ser

* * *

fuera(de)

= outside (of), outwith

Ex: This degree of standardisation is not the pattern outside of this specific area of application.

Ex: Researchers outwith the higher education system consider research library information services inadequate.

= in the open.

Ex: As expected, bats avoided obstacles while flying through vegetation and intercepted flying prey in the open.

* bebida de fuera = outside drink.

* caer fuera de = fall outside, lie beyond.

* caer fuera del alcance de = fall outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera de las responsabilidades de = be on the outer fringes of.

* caer fuera del interés de = lie outside + the scope of.

* caer fuera del interés de uno = fall outside + Posesivo + interest.

* caer fuera del objetivo de = fall outside + the scope of.

* circunstancias que están fuera de + Posesivo + control = circumstances beyond + Posesivo + control.

* colocación fuera de lugar = misplacement.

* colocar fuera de alcance = place + out of reach.

* comer fuera = eat out.

* comida de fuera = outside food.

* con las garras fuera = knives-out.

* con las uñas fuera = knives-out.

* curso que tiene lugar fuera de la universidad = extension course, off-campus course.

* de dentro hacia fuera = inside outwards.

* de fuera = outside, off-side.

* de fuera de la ciudad = out-of-town.

* dejar fuera = leave out, cut out, count + Nombre + out, drop + Nombre + out of the picture.

* dejar fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* dejar fuera del equipo = sideline.

* de miras hacia fuera = outwardly.

* dentro y fuera de = in and out of.

* desde dentro hacia fuera = from the inside-out.

* desde dentro y desde fuera de = within and without.

* desde fuera = from the outside.

* echar fuera = throw + Nombre + out.

* encontrarse fuera de lugar = be out of + Posesivo + element, be out of place.

* estado del ordenador en fuera de línea = offlineness.

* estar fuera = be out.

* estar fuera con los amigos = be out with the guys.

* estar fuera de contienda = be out of contention.

* estar fuera del alcance = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera de las posibilidades de Alguien = be out of + Posesivo + league.

* estar fuera del interés = lie outside + the scope of.

* estar fuera del interés de uno = lie beyond + concern.

* estar fuera de lugar = be out of place, be out of order.

* estar fuera de quicio = be beside + Reflexivo.

* estar fuera de rumbo = be off course.

* estar fuera de secuencia = be out of order.

* estar fura de sí = be beside + Reflexivo.

* fuera de = outside (of), outwith.

* fuera de alcance = beyond reach, out of range.

* fuera de circulación = out of circulation.

* fuera de clase = out-of-class.

* fuera de cobertura = out of range.

* fuera de control = out-of-control, haywire.

* fuera de juego = offside.

* fuera de la casa = out-of-home.

* fuera del alcance = out of reach.

* fuera del alcance de = beyond the scope of.

* fuera del alcance de las posibilidades de Alguien = beyond + Posesivo + powers.

* fuera del alcance del oído = out of earshot.

* fuera de las normas comúnmente aceptadas = beyond the pale.

* fuera de la universidad = off-campus.

* fuera de la vista = out of view.

* fuera del campus = off-campus.

* fuera del control de = beyond the control of.

* fuera del escenario = off stage.

* fuera del horario normal = out of hours, at odd times.

* fuera de línea = offline [off-line].

* fuera del matrimonio = out of wedlock.

* fuera de lo común = eccentric, odd, unordinary, out of the ordinary, a cut above the rest, a cut above.

* fuera de lo normal = abnormally + Adjetivo, with a difference, unordinary, out of the ordinary.

* fuera de los caminos trillados = off the beaten track.

* fuera del redil = beyond the pale.

* fuera de lugar = out of place, without + Lugar, uncalled-for.

* fuera de onda con los tiempos modernos = out of keeping with the times, out of tune with the times.

* fuera de peligro = out of the woods, out of harm's way.

* fuera de plazo = late.

* fuera de + Posesivo + competencia = outside + Posesivo + jurisdiction.

* fuera de + Posesivo + control = beyond + Posesivo + control.

* fuera de quicio = pissed off, out of + Posesivo + mind, out of + Posesivo + senses.

* fuera de rumbo = off course.

* fuera de secuencia = out of range.

* fuera de serie = crackerjack.

* fuera de servicio = off-duty, decomissioned, out of commission.

* fuera de temporada = off-season, out of season.

* fuera de tino = wide of the mark.

* fuera de toda duda = incontrovertible, without a shadow of a doubt, beyond a shadow of a doubt.

* fuera de toda sospecha = above suspicion.

* gol fuera de juego = offside goal.

* hacia dentro y hacia fuera = Verbo + in and out.

* hacia fuera = outwards.

* impresión fuera de línea = offline print.

* mantener Algo fuera de peligro = keep + Nombre + out of harm's way.

* mina fuera de ruta = roadside bomb.

* partido que se juega fuera de casa = away game.

* pitar fuera de juego = judge + offside.

* poner fuera de combate = lay + Nombre + low.

* por fuera = outwardly, outwardly.

* proyectar hacia fuera = project + outward.

* salir fuera = be out and about, get out and about.

* sentirse fuera de lugar = feel + inadequate.

* sin dejar nada fuera = the works!.

* tarifa por inscripción fuera de plazo = late registration fee.

* tiempo fuera de servicio = downtime.

* trabajar a horas fuera de lo normal = work + unsocial hours.

* un día fuera = a day out.

* usar fuera de contexto = use + out of context.

* * *

fuera¹

adverb

A

1 (lugar, parte) [ Latin American Spanish also uses afuera in this sense] outside

el perro duerme fuera the dog sleeps outside

aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here

comeremos fuera (en el jardín) we'll eat out in the garden o outside o outdoors; (en un restaurante) we'll eat out

queremos pintar la casa por fuera we want to paint the outside o the exterior of the house

por fuera es rojo it's red on the outside

cose/lava para fuera she does sewing for other people/takes in washing

2 (en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country; (del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away

los de fuera (los extranjeros) foreigners; (los de otros pueblos, ciudades, etc) outsiders

3

(en interjecciones): ¡fuera de aquí! get out of here!, get out!

¡fuera los traidores! traitors out!

¡fuera cuentos! ¡a la escuela! ( Esp); no more excuses o that's enough of your excuses, off to school with you!

en sus marcas, listos, ¡fuera! ( Méx); on your marks, get set, go!

B

fuera de ( loc prep)

1

(en el exterior de, más allá de): ¿quién dejó el helado fuera del congelador? who left the ice cream out of the freezer?

pasa mucho tiempo fuera del país he spends a lot of time out of the country o abroad

ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building

el precio está fuera de mi alcance it's out of my price range

ponlo fuera del alcance de los niños put it out of reach of the children, put it out of the children's reach

fuera del alcance de los proyectiles outside o beyond the range of the missiles

2 (excepto) apart from

fuera de estos zapatos, no me he comprado nada I haven't bought myself anything, apart from o except for these shoes

fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart from that o otherwise o ( AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3

(además): fuera de que su padre tampoco se lo permitiría besides which o apart from which her father wouldn't allow it anyway

C ( en otras locs):

fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate ( Dep) he knocked him out

tras el escándalo quedó fuera de combate after the scandal he was out of the running, the scandal knocked o put him out of the running

fuera de concurso: quedó fuera de concurso he was disqualified

su película se presentó fuera de concurso his movie was shown outside the competition

fuera de cuentas overdue

fuera de la ley: vivían fuera de la ley they lived outside the law o as outlaws

fuera de lugar ‹mueble/persona› out of place;

‹comentario› inappropriate, out of place

estuvo totalmente fuera de lugar que lo interrumpieras así it was completely out of order to interrupt him like that

fuera de peligro out of danger

fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;

‹máquina/mueble› custom-built, one-off

un verano fuera de serie an exceptionally good summer

fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself

fuera de temporada or estación out of season

Compuestos:

● fuera de borda

masculine (pl fuera de borda) (lancha) outboard, boat with an outboard motor o engine; (motor) outboard motor o engine, outboard

● fuera de juego

masculine offside

estaba en fuera de juego he was offside

● fuera de la ley

masculine and feminine (pl fuera de la fuera) outlaw

● fuera de lugar

( AmL) masculine fuera de juego

● fuera de serie

masculine and feminine (pl fuera de fuera)

su nuevo chef es un fuera de serie their new chef is exceptionally good o is quite exceptional o is outstanding

fuera², fuéramos, etc

ir, ser¹ (↑ ser (1))

* * *

Del verbo ir: ( conjugate ir)

fuera es:

1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser)

fuera es:

1ª persona singular (yo) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperfecto(1) subjuntivo

Multiple Entries:
fuera
ir
ser
fuera adverbio
1
a) (lugar, parte) Latin American Spanish also uses

◊ afuera in this sense outside;

comeremos fuera ( en el jardín) we'll eat outside;

( en un restaurante) we'll eat out;
◊ por fuera es rojo it's red on the outside;

aquí fuera se está muy bien it's very nice out here;
se pasa el día fuera she's out all day
b) ( en el extranjero) abroad, out of the country;

(del lugar de trabajo, de la ciudad, etc) away
2
◊ fuera de ( loc prep)

a) (en el exterior de, más allá de) out of;

◊ está fuera del país he's out of the country;

ocurrió fuera del edificio it happened outside the building;
fuera de peligro/lugar out of danger/place;
¡fuera (de aquí)! get out (of here)!
b) ( excepto) apart from;

◊ fuera de eso, me encuentro bien apart o (AmE) aside from that, I feel fine

3 ( en otras locs):
◊ fuera de combate: lo dejó fuera de combate (Dep) he knocked him out;

fuera de serie ‹jugador/cantante› exceptional, outstanding;
fuera de sí: estaba fuera de sí he was beside himself;
fuera de temporada out of season
ir ( conjugate ir) verbo intransitivo
1
a) (trasladarse, desplazarse) to go;

◊ fuera en taxi to go by taxi;

iban a caballo/a pie they were on horseback/on foot;
fuera por mar to go by sea;
¡Fernando! — ¡voy! Fernando! — (just) coming! o I'll be right there!;
el fuera y venir de los invitados the coming and going of the guests;
vamos a casa let's go home;
¿adónde va este tren? where's this train going (to)?;
fuera de compras/de caza to go shopping/hunting;
ya vamos para allá we're on our way;
¿por dónde se va a …? how do you get to …?;
fuera por or (Esp) a por algo/algn to go to get sth/sb;
voy (a) por pan I'm going to get some bread
b) ( asistir) to go to;

◊ voy a clases nocturnas I go to evening classes;

ya va al colegio she's already at school
2 ( expresando propósito) fuera a + inf:
◊ ¿has ido a verla? have you been to see her?;

ve a ayudarla go and help her;
ver tb fuera v aux 1
3 (al arrojar algo, arrojarse):
◊ tírame la llave — ¡allá va! throw me the key — here you are o there you go!;

tírate del trampolín — ¡allá voy! jump off the board! — here I go/come!
4 [ comentario]:
◊ no iba con mala intención it wasn't meant unkindly;

eso va por ti también that goes for you too, and the same goes for you
1 (+ compl) ( sin énfasis en el movimiento):
◊ iban cantando por el camino they sang as they went along;

¿van cómodos? are you comfortable?;
íbamos sentados we were sitting down;
vas muy cargada you have a lot to carry;
yo iba a la cabeza I was in the lead
2 ( refiriéndose al atuendo):
◊ iban de largo they wore long dresses;

voy a fuera de Drácula I'm going to go as Dracula;
iba de verde she was dressed in green
3 ( en calidad de) fuera de algo to go (along) as sth;
◊ yo fui de intérprete I went along as interpreter

1 [camino/sendero] ( llevar) fuera a algo to lead to sth, to go to sth
2 (extenderse, abarcar):
◊ la autopista va desde Madrid hasta Valencia the highway goes from Madrid to Valencia;

el período que va desde … hasta … the period from … to …
1 (marchar, desarrollarse):
◊ ¿cómo va el nuevo trabajo? how's the new job going?;

va de mal en peor it's going from bad to worse;
¿cómo te va? how's it going?, how are things? (colloq), what's up? (AmE colloq);
¿cómo les fue en Italia? how was Italy?, how did you get on in Italy?;
me fue mal/bien en el examen I did badly/well in the exam;
¡que te vaya bien! all the best!, take care!;
¡que te vaya bien (en) el examen! good luck in the exam
2 ( en competiciones):
◊ ¿cómo van? — 3-1 what's the score? — 3-1;

voy ganando yo I'm ahead, I'm winning
3 ( en el desarrollo de algo):
◊ ¿por dónde van en historia? where have you got (up) to in history?;

¿todavía vas por la página 20? are you still on page 20?
4 ( estar en camino):
◊ ¡vamos para viejos! we're getting on o old!;

va para los cincuenta she's going on fifty;
ya va para dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
5 (sumar, hacer):
◊ ya van tres veces que te lo digo this is the third time I've told you;

con este van seis six, counting this one
6 ( haber transcurrido): en lo que va del or (Esp) de año/mes so far this year/month
1 ( deber colocarse) to go;
◊ ¿dónde van las toallas? where do the towels go?;

¡qué va! (fam): ¿has terminado? — ¡qué va! have you finished? — you must be joking!;
¿se disgustó? — ¡qué va! did she get upset? — not at all!;
vamos a perder el avión — ¡qué va! we're going to miss the plane — no way!
2
a) ( combinar) fuera con algo to go with sth

b) (sentar bien, convenir) (+ me/te/le etc):

◊ el negro no te va bien black doesn't suit you;

te fueraá bien un descanso a rest will do you good
3 (Méx) (tomar partido por, apoyar) fuerale a algo/algn to support sth/sb;
◊ le va al equipo peruano he supports the Peruvian team

1
◊ vamos

a) (expresando incredulidad, fastidio):

◊ ¡vamos! ¿eso quién se lo va a creer? come off it o come on! who do you think's going to believe that?

b) (intentando tranquilizar, animar, dar prisa):

◊ vamos, mujer, dile algo go on, say something to him;

¡vamos, date prisa! come on, hurry up!
c) (al aclarar, resumir):

◊ eso sería un disparate, vamos, digo yo that would be a stupid thing to do, well, that's what I think anyway;

vamos, que no es una persona de fiar basically, he's not very trustworthy;
es mejor que el otro, vamos it's better than the other one, anyway
2
◊ vaya

a) (expresando sorpresa, contrariedad):

◊ ¡vaya! ¡tú por aquí! what a surprise! what are you doing here?;

¡vaya! ¡se ha vuelto a caer! oh no o (colloq) damn! it's fallen over again!
b) (Esp) ( para enfatizar):

◊ ¡vaya cochazo! what a car!

fuera v aux fuera a + inf:
1
a) (para expresar tiempo futuro, propósito) to be going to + inf;

◊ voy a estudiar medicina I'm going to study medicine;

va a hacer dos años que … it's getting on for two years since …
b) (en propuestas, sugerencias):

◊ vamos a ver ¿cómo dices que te llamas? now then, what did you say your name was?;

bueno, vamos a trabajar all right, let's get to work
2 (al prevenir, hacer recomendaciones):
◊ que no se te vaya a caer make sure you don't drop it;

cuidado, no te vayas a caer mind you don't fall (colloq);
lleva el paraguas, no vaya a ser que llueva take the umbrella, in case it rains
3 ( expresando un proceso paulatino):
◊ poco a poco irá aprendiendo she'll learn little by little;

ya puedes fuera haciéndote a la idea you'd better get used to the idea;
la situación ha ido empeorando the situation has been getting worse and worse
irse verbo pronominal
1 ( marcharse) to leave;
◊ ¿por qué te vas tan temprano? why are you leaving o going so soon?;

vámonos let's go;
bueno, me voy right then, I'm taking off (AmE) o (BrE) I'm off;
no te vayas don't go;
vete a la cama go to bed;
se fue de casa/de la empresa she left home/the company;
vete de aquí get out of here;
se han ido de viaje they're away, they've gone away
2 (consumirse, gastarse):
◊ ¡cómo se va el dinero! I don't know where the money goes!;

se me va medio sueldo en el alquiler half my salary goes on the rent
3 ( desaparecer) [mancha/dolor] to go;
◊ se ha ido la luz the electricity's gone off;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ ¿se te ha ido el dolor de cabeza? has your headache gone?

4 (salirse, escaparse) [líquido/gas] to escape;
◊ se le está yendo el aire al globo the balloon's losing air o going down

5 (caerse, perder el equilibrio) (+ compl):
◊ fuerase de boca/espaldas to fall flat on one's face/back;

me iba para atrás I was falling backwards;
frenó y nos fuimos todos para adelante he braked and we all went flying forwards
ser ( conjugate ser) cópula
1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;

es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf;
es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic;
era cierto it was true;
sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still;
que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy;

(+ me/te/le etc)
◊ siempre le he sido fiel I've always been faithful to her;

ver tb imposible, difícil etc
2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ el mayor es casado the oldest is married;

es viuda she's a widow;
ver tb estar 1 cópula 2
3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;
◊ soy abogada I'm a lawyer;

ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me
4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):
◊ esos zapatos son de plástico those shoes are (made of) plastic;

soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba;
es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors';
no soy de aquí I'm not from around here
5 (hipótesis, futuro):
◊ será un error it must be a mistake;

¿será cierto? can it be true?
verbo intransitivo
1
a) ( existir) to be

b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …

2
a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):

◊ la fiesta va a fuera en su casa the party is going to be (held) at her house;

¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?
b) ( en preguntas):

◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;

¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq);
¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us?
3 ( sumar):
◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;

son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos;
somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether
4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) fuera para algo to be for sth;
◊ este agua es para beber this water is for drinking

( en locs)
◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;

¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq);
como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what;
hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done;
el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever;
puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like;
de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml);
¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!;
es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?;
es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim;
lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something;
estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes;
o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago;
o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested;
o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out;
(ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …;
sea como sea at all costs;
sea cuando sea whenever it is;
sea donde sea no matter where;
sea quien sea whoever it is;
si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for …
( en el tiempo) to be;
◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;

serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived;
ver tb v impers
fuera v impers to be;
◊ era primavera it was spring(time)

fuera v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be;
fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900
■ sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( ente) being;

◊ fuera humano/vivo human/living being

b) (individuo, persona):

◊ un fuera querido a loved one

2 ( naturaleza):
◊ desde lo más profundo de mi fuera from the bottom of my heart

fuera adverbio
1 (en/hacia la parte exterior) outside, out: fuera hacía mucho calor, it was hot outside
salgamos fuera, let's go out
2 (no en el lugar habitual) out, away: comeremos fuera, we'll go out for lunch
está fuera, she's away
3 Dep fuera de juego, offside
nuestro equipo juega fuera, our team is playing away
ganaron los de fuera, the away team won
4 (sobrepasando límites prescritos) after
fuera de alcance, out of reach
fuera de horario, after hours
fuera de plazo, after the deadline
(más allá) beyond, out of
fuera de mis posiblidades, beyond my means
fuera de peligro, out of danger
♦ Locuciones: estar fuera de sí, to be beside oneself
fuera de serie, extraordinary
ir
I verbo intransitivo
1 (dirigirse a un lugar) to go: ¡vamos!, let's go!
voy a París, I'm going to Paris ➣ Ver nota en go
2 (acudir regularmente) to go: va al colegio, he goes to school
van a misa, they go to church
3 (conducir a) to lead, go to: el sendero va a la mina, the path goes to the mine
esta carretera va a Londres, this road leads to London
4 (abarcar) to cover: la finca va desde la alambrada al camino, the estate extends from the wire fence to the path
las lecciones que van desde la página 1 a la 53, the lessons on pages 1 to 53
5 (guardarse habitualmente) va al lado de éste, it goes beside this one
6 (mantener una posición) to be: va el primero, he's in first place
7 (tener un estado de ánimo, una apariencia) to be: iba furioso/radiante, he was furious/radiant
vas muy guapa, you look very smart o pretty
8 (desenvolverse) ¿cómo te va?, how are things? o how are you doing?
¿cómo te va en el nuevo trabajo?, how are you getting on in your new job?
9 (funcionar) to work (properly): el reloj no va, the clock doesn't go o work
10 (sentar bien) to suit: ese corte de pelo no te va nada, that haircut doesn't suit you at all
11 (combinar) to match, go: el rojo no va con el celeste, red doesn't go with pale blue
12 (vestir) to wear
ir con abrigo, to wear a coat
ir de negro/de uniforme, to be dressed in black/in uniform
la niña irá de enfermera, the little girl will dress up as a nurse
13 fam (importar, concernir) to concern: eso va por ti también, and the same goes for you
ni me va ni me viene, I don't care one way or the other
14 (apostar) to bet: va un café a que no viene, I bet a coffee that he won't come
15 (ir + de) fam (comportarse de cierto modo) to act
ir de listo por la vida, to be a smart ass
(tratar) to be about: ¿de qué va la película?, what's the film about?
16 (ir + detrás de) to be looking for: hace tiempo que voy detrás de un facsímil de esa edición, I've been after a facsimile of that edition for a long time
17 (ir + por) ir por la derecha, to keep (to the) right
(ir a buscar) ve por agua, go and fetch some water
(haber llegado) voy por la página noventa, I've got as far as page ninety
18 (ir + para) (tener casi, estar cercano a) va para los cuarenta, she's getting on for forty
ya voy para viejo, I'm getting old
(encaminarse a) iba para ingeniero, she was studying to be an engineer
este niño va para médico, this boy's going to become a doctor
II verbo auxiliar
1 (ir + gerundio) va mejorando, he's improving
ir caminando, to go on foot
2 (ir + pp) ya van estrenadas tres películas de Almodóvar, three films by Almodovar have already been released
3 ( ir a + infinitivo) iba a decir que, I was going to say that
va a esquiar, she goes skiing
va a nevar, it's going to snow
vas a caerte, you'll fall
♦ Locuciones: a eso iba, I was coming to that
¡ahí va!, catch!
en lo que va de año, so far this year
¡qué va!, of course not! o nothing of the sort!
¡vamos a ver!, let's see!
van a lo suyo, they look after their own interests
¡vaya!, fancy that
¡vaya cochazo!, what a car!
ir a parar, to end up
ser
I sustantivo masculino
1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
ser humano, human being
ser vivo, living being
2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
II verbo intransitivo
1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
ya es la una, it's one o'clock
3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people
(al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas
Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes
(adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave
♦ Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
como sea, anyhow
de no ser por..., had it not been for
es más, furthermore
es que..., it's just that...
lo que sea, whatever
o sea, that is (to say)
sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit
' fuera' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alcance
- balón
- biruji
- borda
- combate
- convencer
- dejar
- desencajada
- desencajado
- desentonar
- desleal
- desplazada
- desplazado
- destiempo
- duda
- espuela
- extemporánea
- extemporáneo
- exterior
- extraescolar
- fenomenal
- haber
- juego
- lengua
- lógica
- lugar
- mayoría
- necesaria
- necesario
- onda
- plazo
- proscrita
- proscrito
- quicio
- revés
- salir
- serie
- servicio
- tono
- única
- único
- afuera
- anhelar
- cena
- comer
- común
- cual
- desnivelado
- esperar
- lancha
English:
add to
- amok
- annul
- around-the clock
- away
- beside
- beyond
- boot
- bound
- busing
- care
- catapult
- chase away
- clear
- commission
- control
- danger
- dine
- distraught
- dome
- eat out
- ex
- exclude
- farm out
- go out
- hand
- here
- house-sit
- lest
- look out
- meal
- misplaced
- off-duty
- off-limits
- off-piste
- off-screen
- offside
- one-off
- ordinary
- original
- out
- out of
- out-of-bounds
- outdoors
- outside
- outward
- outwards
- piste
- place
- play

* * *

fuera

♦

1. ver ir

2. ver ser

♦ adv

1. [en el exterior] outside;

hace frío fuera it's cold outside;

lo echó fuera she threw him out;

salen mucho a comer fuera they eat out a lot;

fuera de la casa outside the house;

el ruido viene de fuera the noise is coming from outside;

hacia fuera outwards;

sólo vimos la catedral por fuera we only saw the cathedral from the outside;

llevas la camisa por fuera your shirt isn't tucked in properly;

por fuera es de color amarillo it's yellow on the outside

2. [en otro lugar] away;
[en el extranjero] abroad;
de fuera [extranjero] from abroad;

Marta está fuera [de viaje] Marta is away;
[ha salido] Marta is out;
a los de fuera les sorprenden mucho las costumbres locales people who aren't from round here o strangers find the local customs very strange

3.
fuera de [alcance, peligro] out of;
[cálculos, competencia] outside;
estar fuera de sí to be beside oneself (with rage);

ese comentario está fuera de lugar that remark is out of place;

fuera de plazo after the closing date;

fuera de la ley illegal;

fuera de control out of control;

presentó su película fuera de concurso his film was shown, but not judged as part of the competition

4. Dep [de límites]
la pelota salió fuera the ball went out (of play)

Comp
fuera de banda out of play;
fuera de combate knocked out;
Fig out of action;
fuera de juego offside;

estar en fuera de juego to be offside;

Comp
Esp
pillar a alguien en fuera de juego to catch sb out;
Am fuera de lugar offside; Am
estar en fuera de lugar to be offside

5. Dep [en campo ajeno] away;

jugar fuera to play away (from home);

el equipo de fuera the away team

6.
fuera de [excepto] except for, apart from;

fuera de eso, he cumplido todos tus caprichos apart from that, I've done everything you wanted me to;

fuera de bromas, ¿has fijado ya una fecha para la boda? seriously though o joking apart, have you set a date for the wedding yet?;

fuera de serie exceptional, out of the ordinary;

Comp

ser un fuera de serie to be one of a kind

♦ interj
[de habitación, lugar] get out!; [en el teatro] get off!;
¡fuera, fuera, fuera! [cántico] off!, off!, off!;

¡fuera los políticos corruptos! out with all corrupt politicians!;

¡fuera de aquí! get out of my sight!

* * *

fuera

I vb → ir, ser

II adv outside; (en otro lugar) away; (en otro país) abroad;

por fuera on the outside;

de fuera de otro departamento, cuerpo de policía etc from outside, outside atr ; de otro lugar strange; persona stranger; de otro país foreign; persona foreigner;

¡fuera! get out!

III prp

:

fuera de outside;

¡sal fuera de aquí! get out of here!;

está fuera del país he’s abroad, he’s out of the country;

fuera de eso aside from that, apart from that;

estar fuera de sí be beside o.s.

* * *

fuera adv

1) : outside, out

2) : abroad, away

3)

fuera de : outside of, out of, beyond

4)

fuera de : besides, in addition to

fuera de eso: aside from that

5)

fuera de lugar : out of place, amiss

* * *

fuera¹ adv

1. (en el exterior) outside

salgo fuera un momento I'm going outside for a minute

sacamos la mesa fuera we took the table outside

2. (no en casa, no en su sitio) out

han salido a cenar fuera they've gone out for dinner

¿quién ha dejado la leche fuera de la nevera? who left the milk out of the fridge?

3. (lejos de casa) away

se ha ido fuera unos días he's gone away for a few days

4. (del país) abroad

se va a estudiar fuera she's going to study abroad

estar fuera de combate to be knocked out

estar fuera de sí to be beside yourself

fuera de juego offside

fuera de lugar out of place

gente de fuera outsiders

fuera² interj

1. (para echar a alguien) get out!

2. (para protestar) off! / out!

Spanish-English dictionary > fuera
12 État

état [eta]

1. masculine noun

   a. [de personne] state

• bon état général good general state of health

• état (de santé) health

• en état d'ivresse or d'ébriété under the influence of alcohol

• il n'est pas en état de le faire he's in no fit state to do it

• être dans un triste état to be in a sorry state

• il ne faut pas te mettre des états pareils ! you mustn't get yourself into such a state

• être dans tous ses états to be in a terrible state

• il n'était pas dans son état normal he wasn't his usual self

• être dans un état second to be in a trance

• je ne suis pas en état de le recevoir I'm in no fit state to see him

   b. [d'objet, article d'occasion] condition

• en bon/mauvais état in good/bad condition

• en état in (working) order

• en (parfait) état de marche in (perfect) working order

• remettre en état [+ voiture] to repair ; [+ maison] to renovate

• à l'état neuf as good as new

   c. [de chose abstraite, substance] state

• état liquide/solide liquid/solid state

• dans l'état actuel de nos connaissances in the present state of our knowledge

• dans l'état actuel des choses as things stand at present

   d. ( = nation) État state

• un État de droit a constitutional state

• être un État dans l'État to be a law unto itself

• coup d'État coup

• l'État-providence the welfare state

   e. ( = registre, comptes) statement ; ( = inventaire) inventory

   f. (locutions) faire état de [+ ses services] to instance ; [+ craintes, intentions] to state ; [+ conversation, rumeur] to report

• en tout état de cause in any case

• c'est un état de fait it is an established fact

2. compounds

► état d'alerte state of alert

► états d'âme ( = scrupules) scruples ; ( = hésitation) doubts

► état d'apesanteur weightlessness

• être en état d'apesanteur to be weightless ► état de choc

• être en état de choc to be in a state of shock ► état de choses state of affairs

► état civil

• (le bureau de) l'état civil the registry office (Brit), the Public Records Office (US) ► état de crise state of crisis

► état d'esprit frame of mind

► état de grâce (Religion) state of grace

• en état de grâce (figurative) inspired ► état de guerre state of war

► état des lieux inventory of fixtures

► états de service service record

► état de siège state of siege

► état d'urgence state of emergency

• décréter l'état d'urgence to declare a state of emergency

* * *
eta
nom masculin

1) ( nation) state, State

coup d'État — coup d'état

2) ( gouvernement) state, government

demander une aide de l'État — to apply for state aid

un emprunt d'État — a public loan

3) ( territoire autonome) state

•

Phrasal Verbs:

- État de droit

* * *
eta nm
POLITIQUE state

* * *

état

A nm

1 ( condition physique) condition; l'état du malade s'améliore the patient's condition is improving; être dans un état stationnaire to be in a stable condition; en bon état général in good overall condition; être en état de faire qch to be in a fit state to do sth; ne pas être en état de faire, être hors d'état de faire to be in no condition ou in no fit state to do; mettre qn hors d'état de faire qch to render sb incapable of doing sth; mettre qn hors d'état de nuire ( légalement) to put sb out of harm's way; ( physiquement) to incapacitate sb; leur état de santé est excellent their (state of) health is excellent; être dans un triste état○/en piteux état○ to be in a sorry/pitiful state; tu es dans un bel état! iron you're in a fine state!;

2 ( condition psychique) state; être dans un état d'inquiétude terrible to be in a terrible state of anxiety; être dans un état d'énervement extrême to be in a state of extreme irritation; elle n'est pas en état de le revoir she's in no state to see him again; je suis hors d'état de réfléchir I'm incapable of thinking, I'm in no state to think; être dans un drôle d'état○ to be in a hell of a state○; ne pas être dans son état normal not to be oneself; ne te mets pas dans des états pareils! don't get into such a state!, don't get so worked up○!; être dans un état second to be in a trance;

3 (de voiture, livre, tapis) condition; l'état de conservation d'un livre the condition of a book; l'état des routes ( conditions climatiques) road conditions; ( qualité) the state of the roads; en bon/mauvais état [maison, cœur, foie] in good/poor condition; avoir les dents en mauvais état to have bad teeth; l'état de délabrement d'une maison the dilapidated state of a house; l'état de conservation d'une momie égyptienne the state of preservation of an Egyptian mummy; vérifier l'état de qch to check sth; mettre/maintenir qch en état to put/keep sth in working order; hors d'état de marche [voiture] off the road, not running; [appareil] out of order; remettre qch en état to mend ou repair sth; remettre une maison en état to do up a house; la remise en état d'un réseau routier/de voiture the repair of a road network/car; vous devez rendre la maison en l'état lors de votre départ you must leave the house as you found it; les choses sont restées en l'état depuis leur départ nothing has been changed since they left; j'ai laissé les choses en l'état I left everything as it was; à l'état brut [huile, pétrole] in its raw state; [action, idée] in its initial stages; un temple à l'état de ruines a temple in a state of ruin; voiture/bicyclette/ordinateur à l'état neuf car/bicycle/computer as good as new; beauté à l'état pur unadulterated beauty; une voiture en état de rouler a roadworthy car; un bateau en état de naviguer a seaworthy ship;

4 (d'affaires, économie, de finances, pays) state; l'état de l'environnement/d'une entreprise the state of the environment/a company; le pays est dans un état critique the country is in a critical state; cet état de choses ne peut plus durer this state of affairs can't go on; dans l'état actuel des choses in the present state of affairs; dans l'état actuel de la recherche médicale in the present state of medical research; l'état de tension entre le gouvernement et l'opposition the state of tension in relations between the government and the opposition; ce n'est encore qu'à l'état de projet it's still only at the planning stage;

5 Sci ( de corps) state; les états de la matière the states of matter; l'état solide/liquide/gazeux the solid/liquid/gaseous state; un corps à l'état liquide/de vapeur a body in the liquid/vapour^GB state; à l'état naissant [gaz] nascent; à l'état pur [élément, héroïne] in its pure state;

6 ( situation sociale) state; ( métier)† trade; être boulanger de son état to be a baker by trade; ruiné, il se rappelle son ancien état now that he is bankrupt, he remembers how things used to be; choisir l'état ecclésiastique to choose holy orders; être satisfait/mécontent de son état to be satisfied/unhappy with one's lot;

7 Sociol l'état civilisé the civilized state; naissance d'un nouvel état social birth of a new social order; des tribus qui vivent encore à l'état sauvage tribes still living in a primitive state;

8 Compta statement; état de frais statement of expenses; état des comptes financial statements; état financier financial statement; état des ventes d'un magasin a shop's GB ou store's US sales statement;

9 Jur ( statut) status; état d'épouse/d'enfant légitime/de parent status of a spouse/legitimate child/parent;

10 Hist ( catégorie sociale) estate; la notion de classe a remplacé celle d'état the concept of class replaced that of estate.

B faire état de loc verbale

1 ( arguer) to cite [document, texte, théorie, loi]; faire état du témoignage/de l'opinion de qn pour étayer une thèse to cite sb's testimony/opinion in support of a thesis;

2 ( mentionner) to mention [conversation, entretien, découverte]; ne faites pas état de cette conversation don't mention this conversation; la presse a fait état de leur conversation the press reported their conversation;

3 ( exposer) to state [préférences, privilèges, bénéfices]; to air [soupçon, idée];

4 ( se prévaloir de) to make a point of mentioning [succès, courage]; j'ai fait état de mes diplômes pour obtenir le travail I made a point of mentioning my diplomas to get the job; ils ont fait état des services qu'ils nous ont rendus they made a point of mentioning the things they had done for us in the past.

Composés

état d'alerte Mil state of alert; en état d'alerte on the alert; état d'âme ( scrupule) qualm; ( sentiment) feeling; ne pas avoir d'états d'âme to have no qualms; état de choc Méd, Psych state of shock; en état de choc in a state of shock; état de choses state of affairs; état civil Admin registry office GB; ( de personne) civil status; état de conscience Psych state of consciousness; état de crise Pol, Sociol state of crisis; état d'esprit state ou frame of mind; état de fait fact; les états généraux Hist the Estates General; état de grâce Relig state of grace; en état de grâce lit in a state of grace; fig inspired; état de guerre state of war; état des lieux Jur inventory and statement of state of repair; fig appraisal; faire l'état des lieux to draw up an inventory and statement of state of repair; état de nature Sociol the state of nature; à l'état de nature in the state of nature; état de rêve dream state; état de santé state of health; état de siège state of siege; états de service service record; état d'urgence state of emergency; état de veille waking state; ⇒ tiers.

Idiomes

être/se mettre dans tous ses états○ to be in/to get into a state○; il se met dans tous ses états pour un rien he gets all worked up○ ou he gets into a state over nothing; être réduit à l'état de loque/d'esclave to be reduced to a wreck/treated as a slave.

[eta] nom masculin

1. POLITIQUE [nation] state

l'État français the French state ou nation

l'État de Washington the State of Washington

les États membres the member states

l'État-patron the State as an employer

l'État-providence the Welfare state

un État dans l'État a state within a state

l'État, c'est moifamous phrase attributed to Louis XIV proclaiming the absolute nature of the monarchy

2. ADMINISTRATION & ÉCONOMIE state

géré par l'État state-run, publicly run

entreprise d'État state-owned ou (UK) public company

Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > État
13 पूर्व _pūrva

पूर्व a. (Declined like a pronoun when it implies relative position in time or space, but optionally so in nom. pl.; and abl. and loc. sing.)

1 Being in front of, first, foremost.

-2 Eastern, easterly, to the east of; ग्रामात् पर्वतः पूर्वः Sk.; पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी वगाह्य Ku.1.1.

-3 Previous to, earlier than; ब्राह्मणे साहसः पूर्वः Ms.8.276.

-4 Old, ancient; पूर्वसूरिभिः R.1.4; इदं कविभ्यः पूर्वेभ्यो नमोवाकं प्रशास्महे U.1.1.

-5 Former, previous, anterior, prior, antecedent (opp. उत्तर); in this sense often at the end of comp. and translated by 'formerly.' or 'before'; श्रुतपूर्व &c.; व्यतीता या निशा पूर्वा पौराणां हर्षवर्धिनी Rām.7.37.1.

-6 Aforesaid, before-mentioned.

-7 Initial.

-8 Established, customary, of long standing

-9 Early, prime, पूर्वे वयसि Pt.1.165 'in early age or prime of life.

-1 Elder (ज्येष्ठ); रामः पूर्वो हि नो भ्राता भविष्यति महीपतिः Rām.2.79.8.

-11 (At the end of comp.) Preceded by, accompanied by, attended with; संबन्धमा भाषणपूर्वमाहुः R.2.58; पुण्यः शब्दो मुनिरिति मुहुः केवलं राजपूर्वः Ś2.17; तान् स्मितपूर्वमाह Ku.7.47; बहुमानपूर्वया 5.31; दशपूर्वरथं यमाख्यया दशकण्ठारिगुरुं विदुर्बुधाः R.8.29; so मतिपूर्वम् Ms.11.147 'intentionally', 'knowingly'; 12.89; अबोधपूर्वम् 'unconsciously', Ś.5.2. &c.

-र्वः An ancestor, a forefather; पूर्वैः किलायं परिवर्धितो नः R.13.3; पयः पूर्वैः सनिश्वासैः कवोष्णमुपभुज्यते 1.67;5.14; अनुकारिणि पूर्वेषां युक्तरूपमिदं त्वयि Ś.2.17.

-र्वम् The fore- part; अनवरतधनुर्ज्यास्फालनक्रूरपूर्वम् (गात्रम्) Ś.2.4.

-र्वा 1 The east

-2 N. of a country to the east of Madhya- deśa.

-र्वम् ind.

1 Before (with abl.); मासात् पूर्वम्.

-2 Formerly, previously, at first, antecedently, before- hand; तं पूर्वमभिवादयेत् Ms.2.117;3.94;8.25;; R. 12.35; प्रणिपातपूर्वम् K; भूतपूर्वखरालयम् U.2.17 'which formerly was the abode', &c.; समयपूर्वम् Ś.5. 'after a formal agreement.'

-3 Immemorially. (पूर्वेण 'in front', 'before', 'to the east of', with gen. or acc.; अद्य पूर्वम् 'till-now', 'hitherto';

पूर्वः -ततः -पश्चात् -उपरि 'first- then, first-afterwards', 'previously, subsequently',

पूर्वम् -अधुना or

-अद्य 'formerly-now.'

-Comp. -अग्निः the sacred fire kept in the house (आवसथ्य).

-अङ्गः the first day in the civil month.

-अचलः, -अद्रिः the eastern mountain behind which the sun and moon are supposed to rise.

-अधिकारिन् m. the first occu- pant, a prior owner.

-अन्तः the end of a preceding word.

- अपर a.

1 eastern and western; कतमो$यं पूर्वापर- समुद्रावगाढः सानुमानालोक्यते Ś.7; पूर्वापरौ तोयनिधी वगाह्य Ku. 1.1.

-2 first and last.

-3 prior and subsequent, pre- ceding and following.

-4 connected with another.

(-रम्) 1 what is before and behind.

-2 connection; न च पूर्वापरं विद्यात् Ms.8.56.

-3 the proof and the thing to be proved. ˚विरोधः inconsistency, incongruity.

-अभि- मुख a. turned towards or facing the east.

-अभ्यासः former practice or experience.

-अम्बुधिः the eastern ocean.

-अर्जित a. attained by former works. (

-तम्) ancestral property.

-अर्धः, -र्धम् 1 the first half; दिनस्य पूर्वार्धपरार्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम् Bh.2.6; समाप्तं पूर्वार्धम् &c.

-2 the upper part (of the body); शकुन्तला पूर्वार्धेन शयनादुत्थाय Ś.3; R.16.6.

-3 the first half of a hemistich.

-अवसायिन् a. what occurs first or earlier; पूर्वावसायिनश्च बलीयांसो जघन्यावसायिभ्यः ŚB. on MS.12.2.34.

-अह्णः the earlier part of the day, forenoon; Ms.4. 96,152. श्वः कार्यमद्य कुर्वीत पूर्वाह्णे चापराह्णिकम् (पूर्वाह्णतन, पूर्वा- ह्णिकः, पूर्वाह्णेतन a. relating to the forenoon).

-आवेदकः a plaintiff.

-आषाढा N. of the 2th lunar mansion con- sisting of two stars.

- इतर a. western.

-उक्त, -उदित a. beforementioned, aforesaid,

-उत्तर a. north-eastern. (

-रा) the north-east. (

-रे dual) the preceding and following, antecedent and subsequent.

-कर्मन् n.

1 a former act or work.

-2 the first thing to be done, a prior work.

-3 actions done in a former life.

-4 preparations, preliminary arrangements.

-कल्पः former times.

-कायः 1 the fore-part of the body of animals; पश्चार्धेन प्रविष्टः शरपतनभयाद् भूयसा पूर्वकायम् Ś.1.7.

-2 the upper part of the body of men; स्पृशन् करेणानतपूर्वकायम् R.5.32; पर्यङ्कबन्धस्थिरपूर्वकायम् Ku.3.45.

-काल a. belonging to ancient times. (

-लः) former or ancient times.

-कालिक, -कालीन a. ancient.

-काष्ठा the east, eastern quarter.

-कृत a. previously done. (

-तम्) an act done in a former life.

-कोटिः f. the starting point of a debate, the first statement or पूर्वपक्ष q. v.

-क्रिया preparation.

-गा N. of the river Godāvarī.

-गङ्गा N. of the river Narmadā; रेवेन्दुजा पूर्वगङ्गा नर्मदा मेकलीद्रिजा Abh. Chin.183.

-चोदित a.

1 aforesaid, above-men- tioned.

-2 previously stated or advanced (as an objec- tion.

-ज a.

1 born or produced before or formerly, first-produced, first-born; यमयोः पूर्वजः पार्थः Mb.3.141. 11.

-2 ancient, old.

-3 eastern.

(-जः) 1 an elder brother; अपहाय महीशमार्चिचत् सदसि त्वां ननु भामपूर्वजः; Śi. 16.44; R.15.36.

-2 the son of the elder wife.

-3 an ancestor, a forefather; स पूर्वजानां कपिलेन रोषात् R.16.34.

-4 (pl.) the progenitors of mankind.

-5 the manes living in the world of the moon. (

-जा) an elder sister.

-जन्मन् n. a former birth. (-m.) an elder brother; स लक्ष्मणं लक्ष्मणपूर्वजन्मा (विलोक्य) R.14.44.;15.95.

-जातिः f. a former birth.

-ज्ञानम् knowledge of a former life.

-तापनीयम् N. of the first half of नृसिंहतापनीयोपनिषद्.

-दक्षिण a. south-eastern. (

-णा) the south-east.

-दिक्पतिः Indra, the regent of the east.

-दिनम् the forenoon.

-दिश् f. the east.

-दिश्य a. situated towards the east, eastern.

-दिष्टम् the award of destiny.

-दृष्ट a.

1 primæval.

-2 declared by the ancients; यथा ब्राह्मण- चाण्डालः पूर्वदृष्टस्तथैव सः Ms.9.87.

-देवः 1 an ancient deity.

-2 a demon or Asura; भूमिदेवनरदेवसंगमे पूर्वदेवरिपुरर्हणां हरिः Śi.14.58.

-3 a progenitor (पितृ).

-4 (du.) an epithet of Nara-Nārāyaṇa; सव्यसाचिन् महाबाहो पूर्वदेव सनातन Mb.3. 41.35. (com. पूर्वदेव नरनारायणसख).

-देवता a progenitor (पितृ) of gods or of men; अक्रोधनाः शौचपराः सततं ब्रह्म- चारिणः । न्यस्तशस्त्रा महाभागाः पितरः पूर्वदेवताः ॥ Ms.3.192.

-देशः the eastern country, or the eastern part of India.

-द्वार a. favourable in the eastern region.

-निपातः the irregular priority of a word in a compound; cf. परनिपात.

-निमित्त an omen.

-निविष्ट a. made formerly, in past; यस्तु पूर्वनिविष्टस्य तडागस्योदकं हरेत् Ms.9.281.

-पक्षः 1 the fore-part or side.

-2 the first half of a lunar month; सर्वं पूर्वपक्षापरपक्षाभ्यामभिपन्नम् Bṛi. Up.3.1.5.

-3 the first part of an argument, the prima facie argument or view of a question; विषयो विशयश्चैव पूर्वपक्षस्तथोत्तरम्.

-4 the first objection to an argument.

-5 the statement of the plaintiff.

-6 a suit at law.

-7 an assertion, a proposi- tion. ˚पादः the plaint, the first stage of a legal proceeding.

-पदम् the first member of a compound or sentence.

-पर्वतः the eastern mountain behind which the sun is supposed to rise.

-पश्चात्, -पश्चिम ind. from the east to the west.

-पाञ्चालक a. belonging to the eastern Pañch- ālas.

-पाणिनीयाः m. (pl.) the disciples of Pāṇini living in the east.

-पालिन् m. an epithet of Indra.

-पितामहः a forefather, an ancestor; अब्रवीद् हि स मां क्रुद्धस्तव पूर्वपितामहः । मूत्रश्लेष्माशनः पाप निरयं प्रतिपत्स्यसे ॥ Mb.12.3.21.

-पीठिका introduction.

-पुरुषः 1 an epithet of Brahmā.

-2 anyone of the first three ancestors, beginning with the father (पितृ, पितामह, and प्रपितामह); Pt.1.89.

-3 an ancestor in general.

-पूर्व a. each preceding one. (

-र्वाः) m. (pl.) forefathers.

-प्रोष्ठपदा = पूर्वभाद्रपदा; Mb.13.89.13.

-फल्गुनी the eleventh lunar mansion containing two stars. ˚भवः an epithet of the planet Jupiter.

-बन्धुः first or best friend; Mk.

-भवः a former life.

-भागः 1 the forepart.

-2 the upper part.

-भा(भ)द्रपदा the twentyfifth lunar mansion containing two stars.

-भावः 1 priority.

-2 prior or antecedent existence; येन सहैव यस्य यं प्रति पूर्वभावो$वगम्यते Tarka K.

-3 (Rhet.) disclosing an intention.

-भाषिन् a. willing to speak first; hence polite, courteous.

-भुक्तिः f. prior occupation or possession; Ms.8.252.

-भूत a. preceding, previous.

-मध्याह्नः the forenoon.

-मारिन् a. dying before; एवंवृत्तां सवर्णां स्त्रीं द्विजातिः पूर्वमारिणीम् (दाहयेत्) Ms.5.167.

-मीमांसा 'the prior or first Mīmāṁsā', an inquiry into the first or ritual portion of the Veda, as opposed to the उत्तरमीमांसा or वेदान्त; see मीमांसा.

-मुख a. having the face turned towards the east.

-याम्य a. south-eastern.

-रङ्गः the commencement or prelude of a drama, the prologue; यन्नाठ्यवस्तुनः पूर्वं रङ्गविघ्नोपशान्तये । कुशीलवाः प्रकुर्वन्ति पूर्वरङ्गः स उच्यते ॥ D. R; पूर्वरङ्गं विधायैव सूत्रधारो निवर्तते S. D.283; पूर्वरङ्गः प्रसंगाय नाटकीयस्य वस्तुनः Śi.2.8. (see Malli. there- on).

-रागः the dawning or incipient love, love between two persons which springs (from some previous cause) before their meeting; श्रवणाद् दर्शनाद् वापि मिथः संरूढरागयोः । दशाविशेषोयो$प्राप्तौ पूर्वरागः स उच्यते ॥ S. D.214.

-रात्रः the first part of the night (from dusk to midnight).

-रूपम् 1 indication of an approaching change; an omen.

-2 a symptom of occuring disease.

-3 the first of two con- current vowels or consonants that is retained.

-4 (in Rhet.) a figure of speech which consists in describing anything as suddenly resuming its former state.

-लक्षणम् a symptom of coming sickness.

-वयस् a. young. (-n.) youth.

-वर्तिन् a. existing before, prior, previous.

-वाक्यम् (in dram.) an allusion to former utterance.

-वादः the first plea or commencement of an action at law; पूर्ववादं परित्यज्य यो$न्यमालम्बते पुनः । पदसंक्रमणाद् ज्ञेयो हीनवादी स वै नरः ॥ Mitā.

-वादिन् m. the complainant or plaintiff.

-विद् a. knowing the events of the past; historian; पृथोरपीमां पृथिवीं भार्यां पूर्वविदो विदुः Ms.9.44.

-विप्रतिषेधः the conflict of two statements contrary to each other.

-विहित a. deposited before.

-वृत्तम् 1 a former event; पूर्ववृत्तकथितैः पुराविदः सानुजः पितृ- सखस्य राघवः (अह्यमानः) R.11.1.

-2 previous conduct.

-वैरिन् a. one who first commences hostilities, an ag- gressor.

-शारद a. relating to the first half of autumn.

-शैलः see पूर्वपर्वत.

-सक्थम् the upper part of the thigh. P. V.4.98.

-संचित a. gathered before (as in former birth); त्यजेदाश्वयुजे मासि मुन्यन्नं पूर्वसंचितम् Ms.6.15.

-सन्ध्या daybreak, dawn; रजनिमचिरजाता पूर्वसंध्या सुतैव (अनुपतति) Si.11.4.

-सर a. going in front.

-सागरः the eastern ocean; स सेनां महतीं कर्षन् पूर्वसागरगामिनीम् R.4.32.

-साहसः the first of the three fines; स दाप्यः पूर्वसाहसम् Ms.9.281.

-स्थितिः f. former or first state.

Sanskrit-English dictionary > पूर्व _pūrva
14 Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 14 May 1792 Baissey, Haute-Marne, France

d. 27 October 1861 Brussels, Belgium

[br]

French technologist, promoter of Belgian industry.

[br]

After attending schools in Langres and Dijon, Jobard worked in Groningen and Maastricht as a cadastral officer from 1811 onwards. After the Netherlands had been constituted as a new state in 1814, he became a Dutch citizen in 1815 and settled in Brussels. In 1825, when he had learned of the invention of lithography by Alois Senefelder, he retired and established a renowned lithographic workshop in Belgium, with considerable commercial profit. After the political changes which led to the separation of Belgium from the Netherlands in 1830, he devoted his activities to the progress of science and industry in this country, in the traditional idea of enlightenment. His main aim was to promote all branches of the young economy, to which he contributed with ceaseless energy. He cultivated especially the transfer of technology in many articles he wrote on his various journeys, such as to Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, and he continued to do so when he became the Director of the Museum of Industry in Brussels in 1841, editing its Bulletin until his death. Jobard, as a member of societies for the encouragement of arts and industry in many countries, published on almost any subject and produced many inventions. Being a restless character by nature, and having, in addition, a strong attitude towards designing and constructing, he also contributed to mining technology in 1828 when he was the first European to practise successfully the Chinese method of rope drilling near Brussels.

[br]

Bibliography

1840, Plan d'organisation du Musée de l'industrie, présenté au Ministre de l'interieur, Brussels.

1844, Machines à vapeur, arrêtes et instructions, Brussels.

1846, Comment la Belgique peut devenir industrielle, à propos de la Société d'exportation, Brussels.

1846, Constitution d'une noblesse industrielle à l'aide des marques de fabrique

considérées comme blason de l'industrie et du commerce, dédié à la Société des inventeurs et protecteurs de l'industrie, Brussels.

1855, Discours prononcé à l'assemblée des industriels réunis pour l'adoption de la marque obligatoire, Paris.

Further Reading

H.Blémont, 1991, article in Dictionnaire de biographie française, Paris, pp. 676–7 (for a short account of his life).

A.Siret, 1888–9, article in Biographie nationale de belgique, Vol. X, Brussels, col. 494– 500 (provides an impressive description of his restless character and a selected bibliography of his many publications.

T.Tecklenburg, 1900, Handbuch der Tiefbohrkunde, 2nd edn, Vol. IV, Berlin, pp. 7–8 (contains detailed information on his method of rope drilling).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Jobard, Jean-Baptiste-Ambroise Marcelin
15 Foreign policy

   The guiding principle of Portuguese foreign policy since the founding of the monarchy in the 12th century has been the maintenance of Portugal's status first as an independent kingdom and, later, as a sovereign nation-state. For the first 800 years of its existence, Portuguese foreign policy and diplomacy sought to maintain the independence of the Portuguese monarchy, especially in relationship to the larger and more powerful Spanish monarchy. During this period, the Anglo- Portuguese Alliance, which began with a treaty of commerce and friendship signed between the kings of Portugal and England in 1386 (the Treaty of Windsor) and continued with the Methuen Treaty in 1703, sought to use England ( Great Britain after 1707) as a counterweight to its landward neighbor, Spain.

   As three invasions of Portugal by Napoleon's armies during the first decade of the 19th century proved, however, Spain was not the only threat to Portugal's independence and security. Portugal's ally, Britain, provided a counterweight also to a threatening France on more than one occasion between 1790 and 1830. During the 19th century, Portugal's foreign policy became largely subordinate to that of her oldest ally, Britain, and standard Portuguese histories describe Portugal's situation as that of a "protectorate" of Britain. In two key aspects during this time of international weakness and internal turmoil, Portugal's foreign policy was under great pressure from her ally, world power Britain: responses to European conflicts and to the situation of Portugal's scattered, largely impoverished overseas empire. Portugal's efforts to retain massive, resource-rich Brazil in her empire failed by 1822, when Brazil declared its independence. Britain's policy of favoring greater trade and commerce opportunities in an autonomous Brazil was at odds with Portugal's desperate efforts to hold Brazil.

   Following the loss of Brazil and a renewed interest in empire in tropical Africa, Portugal sought to regain a more independent initiative in her foreign policy and, especially after 1875, overseas imperial questions dominated foreign policy concerns. From this juncture, through the first Republic (1910-26) and during the Estado Novo, a primary purpose of Portuguese foreign policy was to maintain Portuguese India, Macau, and its colonies in Africa: Angola, Mozambique, and Guinea- Bissau. Under the direction of the dictator, Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, further efforts were made to reclaim a measure of independence of foreign policy, despite the tradition of British dominance. Salazar recognized the importance of an Atlantic orientation of the country's foreign policy. As Herbert Pell, U.S. Ambassador to Portugal (1937-41), observed in a June 1939 report to the U.S. Department of State, Portugal's leaders understood that Portugal must side with "that nation which dominates the Atlantic."

   During the 1930s, greater efforts were made in Lisbon in economic, financial, and foreign policy initiatives to assert a greater measure of flexibility in her dependence on ally Britain. German economic interests made inroads in an economy whose infrastructure in transportation, communication, and commerce had long been dominated by British commerce and investors. Portugal's foreign policy during World War II was challenged as both Allied and Axis powers tested the viability of Portugal's official policy of neutrality, qualified by a customary bow to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, who served as minister of foreign affairs, as well as prime minister, during 1936-45, sought to sell his version of neutrality to both sides in the war and to do so in a way that would benefit Portugal's still weak economy and finance. Portugal's status as a neutral was keenly tested in several cases, including Portugal's agreeing to lease military bases to Britain and the United States in the Azores Islands and in the wolfram (tungsten ore) question. Portugal's foreign policy experienced severe pressures from the Allies in both cases, and Salazar made it clear to his British and American counterparts that Portugal sought to claim the right to make independent choices in policy, despite Portugal's military and economic weakness. In tense diplomatic negotiations with the Allies over Portugal's wolfram exports to Germany as of 1944, Salazar grew disheartened and briefly considered resigning over the wolfram question. Foreign policy pressure on this question diminished quickly on 6 June 1944, as Salazar decreed that wolfram mining, sales, and exports to both sides would cease for the remainder of the war. After the United States joined the Allies in the war and pursued an Atlantic strategy, Portugal discovered that her relationship with the dominant ally in the emerging United Nations was changing and that the U.S. would replace Britain as the key Atlantic ally during succeeding decades. Beginning in 1943-44, and continuing to 1949, when Portugal became, with the United States, a founding member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Luso-American relations assumed center stage in her foreign policy.

   During the Cold War, Portuguese foreign policy was aligned with that of the United States and its allies in Western Europe. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the focus of Portuguese foreign policy shifted away from defending and maintaining the African colonies toward integration with Europe. Since Portugal became a member of the European Economic Community in 1986, and this evolved into the European Union (EU), all Portuguese governments have sought to align Portugal's foreign policy with that of the EU in general and to be more independent of the United States. Since 1986, Portugal's bilateral commercial and diplomatic relations with Britain, France, and Spain have strengthened, especially those with Spain, which are more open and mutually beneficial than at any other time in history.

   Within the EU, Portugal has sought to play a role in the promotion of democracy and human rights, while maintaining its security ties to NATO. Currently, a Portuguese politician, José Manuel Durão Barroso, is president of the Commission of the EU, and Portugal has held the six-month rotating presidency of the EU three times, in 1992, 2000, and 2007.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Foreign policy
16 comunidad

f.

1 community (grupo).

comunidad de propietarios o de vecinos residents' association

la comunidad científica/internacional the scientific/international community

comunidad Andina Andean Community

comunidad autónoma (politics) autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers

comunidad Europea (Antes) European Community

2 communion (cualidad de común) (de ideas, bienes).

comunidad de bienes co-ownership (between spouses)

* * *

comunidad

► nombre femenino

1 community

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

en comunidad together

comunidad autónoma autonomous region

comunidad de bienes DERECHO co-ownership

comunidad de propietarios owners' association

Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community

* * *

noun f.

community

* * *

SF

1) [gen] community; (=sociedad) society, association; (Rel) community; And commune ( of free Indians)

de o en comunidad — (Jur) jointly

comunidad autónoma — Esp autonomous region

Comunidad Británica de Naciones — British Commonwealth

Comunidad de Estados Independientes — Commonwealth of Independent States

comunidad de vecinos — residents' association

Comunidad (Económica) Europea — European (Economic) Community

Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero — European Coal and Steel Community

comunidad lingüística — speech community

2) (=pago) [de piso] service charge, charge for communal services
COMUNIDAD AUTÓNOMA In Spain the comunidades autónomas are any of the 19 administrative regions consisting of one or more provinces and having political powers devolved from Madrid, as stipulated by the 1978 Constitution. They have their own democratically elected parliaments, form their own cabinets and legislate and execute policies in certain areas such as housing, infrastructure, health and education, though Madrid still retains jurisdiction for all matters affecting the country as a whole, such as defence, foreign affairs and justice. The Comunidades Autónomas are: Andalucía, Aragón, Asturias, Islas Baleares, Canarias, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Cataluña, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarra, País Vasco, La Rioja, Comunidad Valenciana, Ceuta and Melilla. The term Comunidades Históricas refers to Galicia, Catalonia and the Basque Country, which for reasons of history and language consider themselves to some extent separate from the rest of Spain. They were given a measure of independence by the Second Republic (1931-1936), only to have it revoked by Franco in 1939. With the transition to democracy, these groups were the most vociferous and successful in their demand for home rule, partly because they already had experience of federalism and had established a precedent with autonomous institutions like the Catalan Generalitat.
* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad — for the good of the community

b) ( grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca — the Polish community

vivir en comunidad — to live with other people

c) (Relig) community

d) ( asociación) association

- Comunidad Británica de Naciones

- Comunidad Económica Europea

- Comunidad Europea

2) ( coincidencia) community

comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives
•• Cultural note:
comunidad autónoma

In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla

* * *

= community.

Ex. Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

----

* asociación de la comunidad = community group.

* biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.

* bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.

* Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).

* comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.

* comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.

* comunidad agrícola = farming community.

* comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.

* comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.

* comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.

* comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.

* Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.

* comunidad científica = knowledge community.

* comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.

* comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.

* comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.

* comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.

* comunidad de lectores = reader community.

* comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.

* comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.

* comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.

* comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.

* comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.

* comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.

* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.

* comunidad dispersa = scattered community.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.

* comunidad electrónica = online community.

* comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.

* Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).

* Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).

* Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

* comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.

* comunidad laboral = working community.

* comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.

* comunidad local = local community.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.

* comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.

* comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.

* comunidad religiosa = religious community.

* comunidad rural = rural community.

* comunidad urbana = urban community.

* de la propia comunidad = community-owned.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* derecho de la comunidad = community right.

* dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.

* implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.

* la comunidad en general = the community at large.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.

* representante de la comunidad = community activist.

* residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* vida de la comunidad = community life.

* * *

femenino

1)

a) ( sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad — for the good of the community

b) ( grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca — the Polish community

vivir en comunidad — to live with other people

c) (Relig) community

d) ( asociación) association

- Comunidad Británica de Naciones

- Comunidad Económica Europea

- Comunidad Europea

2) ( coincidencia) community

comunidad de ideales/objetivos — community of ideals/objectives
•• Cultural note:
comunidad autónoma

In 1978 power in Spain was decentralized and the country was divided into comunidades autónomas or autonomías (autonomous regions). The new communities have far greater autonomy from central government than the old regiones and were a response to nationalist aspirations, which had built up under Franco. Some regions have more autonomy than others. The Basque Country, Catalonia, and Galicia, for example, had political structures, a desire for independence and their own languages which underpinned their claims to distinctive identities. Andalusia gained almost complete autonomy without having had a nationalist tradition. Other regions, such as Madrid, are to some extent artificial, having been created largely to complete the process. The comunidades autónomas are: Andalusia, Aragon, Asturias, Balearic Islands, the Basque Country (Euskadi), Canary Islands, Cantabria, Castilla y León, Castilla-La Mancha, Catalonia, Extremadura, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia, Navarre, La Rioja, Valencia and the North African enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla

* * *

= community.

Ex: Language of documents and data bases will need to be tailored to each community.

* asociación de la comunidad = community group.

* biblioteca de la comunidad = community library.

* bibliotecario encargado de los servicios dirigidos a la comunidad = community services librarian.

* Comisión de las Comunidades Europeas (CEC) = Commission of the European Communities (CEC).

* comunidad académica = academic community, learning community.

* comunidad académica de investigadores = academic research community.

* comunidad agrícola = farming community.

* comunidad a la que se sirve = service area.

* comunidad autónoma = autonomous region.

* comunidad bancaria, la = banking community, the.

* comunidad bibliotecaria, la = library community, the, librarianship community, the.

* Comunidad Británica de Naciones, la = Commonwealth, the.

* comunidad científica = knowledge community.

* comunidad científica, la = scientific community, the, scholarly community, the, research community, the, scientific research community, the.

* comunidad conectada electrónicamente = online community.

* comunidad de bibliotecarios y documentalistas, la = library and information community, the.

* comunidad de educadores, la = education community, the.

* comunidad de lectores = reader community.

* comunidad de naciones = comity of nations, commonwealth.

* comunidad de pescadores = fishing community.

* comunidad de prácticas comunes = community of practice, community of practice, community of practice.

* comunidad de proveedores = vendor community.

* comunidad de proveedores, la = vending community, the.

* comunidad de usuarios = constituency, user community.

* comunidad de vecinos = housing association.

* comunidad dispersa = scattered community.

* Comunidad Económica Europea (CEE) = European Economic Community (EEC).

* comunidad editorial, la = publishing community, the.

* comunidad electrónica = online community.

* comunidad empresarial, la = business community, the.

* Comunidad Europea (CE) = EC (European Community).

* Comunidad Europea de la Energía Atómica (Euratom/EAEC) = European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom/EAEC).

* Comunidad Europea del Carbón y el Acero (CECA) = European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).

* comunidad internacional, la = international community, the.

* comunidad laboral = working community.

* comunidad lingüística = language community, linguistic community.

* comunidad local = local community.

* comunidad marginada = deprived community.

* comunidad marginal = disadvantaged community.

* comunidad mundial, la = world community, the.

* comunidad pluralista = pluralistic community.

* comunidad religiosa = religious community.

* comunidad rural = rural community.

* comunidad urbana = urban community.

* de la propia comunidad = community-owned.

* Denominación de Productos para las Estadísticas del Comercio Externo de la = Nomenclature of Goods for the External Trade Statistics of the Community and Statistics of Trade between Member States (NIMEXE).

* derecho de la comunidad = community right.

* dirigido a la comunidad = community-based.

* implicación de la comunidad = community involvement.

* la comunidad en general = the community at large.

* líder de la comunidad = community leader.

* miembro de la Comunidad = community member, Community member.

* no perteneciente a la Comunidad Europea = non-EC.

* países de la Comunidad Europea = European Communities.

* países miembro de la Comunidad = Community partner.

* país miembro de la Comunidad = Community member state.

* patrocinado por la comunidad = community-sponsored.

* representante de la comunidad = community activist.

* residente en la comunidad = community-dwelling.

* toda la comunidad = the community at large.

* vida de la comunidad = community life.

* * *

comunidad comunidad autónoma (↑ comunidad a1)

feminine

A

1 (sociedad) community

para el bien de la comunidad for the good of the community

2 (grupo delimitado) community

la comunidad polaca the Polish community

vivir en comunidad to live with other people

3 ( Relig) community

4 (asociación) association

Compuestos:

● Comunidad Británica de Naciones

(British) Commonwealth

● Comunidad Económica Europea

( Hist) European Economic Community

● Comunidad Europea

( Hist) European Community

● Comunidad Europea del Carbón y del Acero

European Coal and Steel Community

B (coincidencia) community

no existe comunidad de ideales/objetivos entre ambos grupos there is no community of ideals/objectives between the two groups, the two groups do not share common ideals/objectives

C Comunidades fpl ( Hist):

la sublevación de las Comunidades the Revolt of the Comuneros

* * *

comunidad sustantivo femenino
community;
◊ Ccomunidad (Económica) Europea European (Economic) Community

comunidad sustantivo femenino community
comunidad autónoma, autonomous region
comunidad de bienes, co-ownership
Comunidad Europea, European Community

' comunidad' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
bien
- CE
- CECA
- CEE
- consejería
- depender
- EURATOM
- homologación
- primar
- pueblo
- reintegrar
- autonomía
English:
Commonwealth of Independent States
- community
- fraternity
- homeowners assocation
- integrate
- scattered
- service charge
- European
- general
- pillar
- service

* * *

comunidad nf

1. [grupo] community;

la comunidad científica/educativa/judía the scientific/education/Jewish community;

vivir en comunidad to live in a community

Comp
Comunidad Andina Andean Community, = organization for regional cooperation formed by Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela;
comunidad autónoma autonomous region, = largest administrative division in Spain, with its own Parliament and a number of devolved powers;

comunidad de base [religiosa] base community, = lay Catholic community independent of church hierarchy;

Comunidad Británica de Naciones (British) Commonwealth;
Antes Comunidad Económica Europea European Economic Community;
la Comunidad Europea, las Comunidades Europeas the European Community;

la comunidad internacional the international community;

comunidad linguística speech community;

comunidad de propietarios residents' association;

comunidad de vecinos residents' association

2. [de ideas, bienes] communion

Comp
comunidad de bienes co-ownership [between spouses]
3. Am [colectividad] commune;

vive en una comunidad anarquista she lives in an anarchist commune

COMUNIDAD ANDINA

The Comunidad Andina de Naciones (CAN – Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela) has its origins in the 1969 “Acuerdo de Cartagena”. Over subsequent decades the various institutions which now form the CAN were set up: the Council of Foreign Ministers in 1979, the Court of Justice in 1983, the Presidential Council in 1990, and the General Secretariat in 1997. The ultimate aim has been to create a Latin American common market. A free trade area was established in 1993, and a common external customs tariff in 1994. While all members have adopted a common foreign policy, more ambitious attempts at integration have been less successful. However, with a combined population of 122 million, and a GDP in 2004 of 300 billion dollars, the community is a significant economic group. In 2004, the leaders of the countries of South America decided to create the “Comunidad Sudamericana de Naciones” (“South American Community of Nations”) or CSN by a gradual convergence between the CAN and Mercosur (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), plus Chile, Guyana and Surinam. This will create, in time, a vast free-trade area encompassing all of South America.

* * *

comunidad

f community;

comunidad sucesoria o

hereditaria heirs pl

* * *

comunidad nf

: community

* * *

comunidad n community [pl. communities]

comunidad autónoma autonomous region

Comunidad Europea European Community

Spanish-English dictionary > comunidad
17 policía

m.

1 policeman, patrol man, cop, police officer.

2 police, boys in blue, police department, police force.

* * *

policía

► nombre femenino

1 police, police force

► nombre masulino o femenino

1 (gen) police officer; (hombre) policeman; (mujer) policewoman

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

policía de tráfico (cuerpo) traffic police

policía judicial (cuerpo) judicial police

policía militar (cuerpo) military police

policía nacional (cuerpo) national police force 2 (agente) member of the national police force

policía secreta (cuerpo) secret police

policía urbana (cuerpo) local police force 2 (agente) member of the local police force

* * *
1. noun mf.
policeman / policewoman
2. noun f.
police

* * *

1.

SMF policeman/policewoman, police officer

policía de paisano — plain-clothes policeman

policía de tránsito — LAm traffic police

policía informático/a — police officer specializing in computer crime

policía local, policía municipal — local policeman/policewoman

2.

SM

policía acostado — Ven (Aut) * speed bump, sleeping policeman

3.

SF (=organización) police

¡llama a la policía! — call the police!

Cuerpo Nacional de Policía — Esp ≈ the Police Force

policía antidisturbios — riot police

policía autonómica — police force of a regional autonomy

policía de barrio — community police

Policía de Tráfico — traffic police

Policía Local — Local Police

Policía Militar — military police

Policía Montada — mounted police

Policía Municipal — local police

Policía Nacional — national police

Policía Secreta — secret police
POLICÍA In Spain the policía nacional is the force in charge of national security and general public order while the policía municipal deals with regulating traffic and policing the local community. The Basque Country and Catalonia also have their own police forces, the Ertzaintza and the Mossos d'Esquadra respectively. In rural areas it is the Guardia Civil that is responsible for policing duties.
See:

ver nota culturelle GUARDIA CIVIL in guardia,

ver nota culturelle ERTZAINTZA in Ertzaintza

* * *

femenino

1) ( cuerpo) police

llamar a la policía — to call the police

la policía está investigando el caso — the police are investigating the case

- policía antidisturbios/militar/secreta

- policía de tráfico or de tránsito

- policía municipal

- policía nacional

2) policía ( agente) (m) policeman, police officer; (f) policewoman, police officer

•

- policía de tráfico or tránsito

- policía municipal

* * *

= police, constable, cop, policeman [policemen, -pl.], police officer, patrolman, bobby, police force.

Ex. For example, WOMEN AS police becomes POLICEWOMEN, or SPANISH AMERICA is changed to LATIN AMERICA.

Ex. Whilst in Panizzi's employ, Edward refused to act as a special constable to protect the British Museum against the Chartist mobs.

Ex. Playground games show that children like a clear differentiation between cowboys, cops and spacemen who are good, and Indians, robbers and space monsters who are bad.

Ex. As a rule, a message-switching computer is not used to provide general computational or text processing facilities, it is more like a policeman directing traffic at a busy intersection of 'data highways'.

Ex. This paper considers the lawsuit brought against a police officer in the Kent Constabulary, UK, who worked in his spare time for a debt collection agency and used the Police National Computer to retrieve information concerning the owner of a motor vehicle.

Ex. Arabs who played a role in the Holocaust included those who personally took part in the persecution of Jews, and patrolmen who tracked down Jewish escapees from forced labor camps.

Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.

Ex. The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.

----

* cadete de policía = police cadet.

* corrupción de la policía = police corruption.

* jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.

* mujer policía = policewoman [policewomen, -pl.].

* película de policías = crime film.

* perro policía = police dog.

* policía antidisturbios = riot police.

* policía de tráfico = traffic officer, highway patrol, traffic cop.

* policía estatal = state police, state troops, state trooper, trooper.

* policía, la = police service.

* policía local = Constabulary.

* policía militar = military police.

* policía municipal = traffic warden.

* policía secreta = secret police.

* policía secreto = undercover police officer.

* * *

femenino

1) ( cuerpo) police

llamar a la policía — to call the police

la policía está investigando el caso — the police are investigating the case

- policía antidisturbios/militar/secreta

- policía de tráfico or de tránsito

- policía municipal

- policía nacional

2) policía ( agente) (m) policeman, police officer; (f) policewoman, police officer

•

- policía de tráfico or tránsito

- policía municipal

* * *

la policía

(n.) = police service

Ex: This programme is designed for those hoping to follow a career in one of the uniformed services -- army, navy, RAF, police service, fire service or ambulance.

= police, constable, cop, policeman [policemen, -pl.], police officer, patrolman, bobby, police force.

Ex: For example, WOMEN AS police becomes POLICEWOMEN, or SPANISH AMERICA is changed to LATIN AMERICA.

Ex: Whilst in Panizzi's employ, Edward refused to act as a special constable to protect the British Museum against the Chartist mobs.

Ex: Playground games show that children like a clear differentiation between cowboys, cops and spacemen who are good, and Indians, robbers and space monsters who are bad.

Ex: As a rule, a message-switching computer is not used to provide general computational or text processing facilities, it is more like a policeman directing traffic at a busy intersection of 'data highways'.

Ex: This paper considers the lawsuit brought against a police officer in the Kent Constabulary, UK, who worked in his spare time for a debt collection agency and used the Police National Computer to retrieve information concerning the owner of a motor vehicle.

Ex: Arabs who played a role in the Holocaust included those who personally took part in the persecution of Jews, and patrolmen who tracked down Jewish escapees from forced labor camps.

Ex: The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.

Ex: The friendly-sounding British bobbies, created in 1829, were the first professional police force, copied by cities around the world.

* cadete de policía = police cadet.

* corrupción de la policía = police corruption.

* jefe de policía = chief constable, police chief.

* mujer policía = policewoman [policewomen, -pl.].

* película de policías = crime film.

* perro policía = police dog.

* policía antidisturbios = riot police.

* policía de tráfico = traffic officer, highway patrol, traffic cop.

* policía estatal = state police, state troops, state trooper, trooper.

* policía, la = police service.

* policía local = Constabulary.

* policía militar = military police.

* policía municipal = traffic warden.

* policía secreta = secret police.

* policía secreto = undercover police officer.

* * *

policía

feminine

Policía Nacional (↑ policía a1)

A (cuerpo) police

llamar a la policía to call the police

la policía está investigando el caso the police are investigating the case

Compuestos:

● policía antidisturbios

riot police

● policía caminera

( RPl); traffic police, highway patrol ( AmE)

● policía de tráfico or ( AmL) de tránsito

traffic police, highway patrol ( AmE)

● policía judicial

officers of court (pl)

● policía local

local o city police

● policía militar

military police

● policía montada

mounted police

● policía municipal

local o city police

● policía nacional

police, state police

● policía secreta

secret police

● policía vial

( Col) traffic police, highway patrol ( AmE)

B

policía (agente) ( masculine) policeman, police officer;

( feminine) policewoman, police officer

Compuestos:

● policía acostado

masculine ( Ven) speed ramp, sleeping policeman ( BrE)

● policía de tráfico or ( AmL) de tránsito

( masculine) traffic officer, traffic policeman, highway patrol officer ( AmE); ( feminine) traffic officer, traffic policewoman, highway patrol officer ( AmE)

● policía militar

( masculine) military police officer, military policeman; ( feminine) military police officer, military policewoman

● policía municipal

( masculine) city o local police officer, city o local policeman; ( feminine) city o local police officer, city o local policewoman

● policía nacional

( masculine) police officer, policeman; ( feminine) police officer, policewoman

● policía secreto, policía secreta

( masculine) secret police officer o policeman; ( feminine) secret police officer o policewoman

* * *

policía sustantivo femenino
1 ( cuerpo) police;
◊ la policía está investigando el caso the police are investigating the case;

policía antidisturbios riot police;
policía de tráfico or (AmL) de tránsito traffic police, highway patrol (AmE);
policía municipal local o city police;
policía nacional (state) police
2
◊ policía ( agente) (m) policeman, police officer;

(f) policewoman, police officer
policía
I sustantivo femenino police (force)
policía municipal, city police
policía nacional, national police force
II mf (hombre) policeman
(mujer) policewoman
' policía' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
abortar
- academia
- agente
- avisar
- civil
- comisaria
- comisario
- confidente
- confiscación
- control
- denunciar
- desalojar
- desarmar
- entregarse
- fichar
- fichada
- fichado
- gancho
- INTERPOL
- intervenir
- irrupción
- jefatura
- madero
- montada
- montado
- municipal
- paisana
- paisano
- parte
- PM
- porra
- registrar
- rendirse
- responsable
- sigilo
- superior
- acto
- acudir
- allanar
- amenazar
- archivo
- aviso
- brigada
- burlar
- cana
- carabinero
- carga
- cargar
- chapa
- chivarse
English:
act on
- alert
- apprehend
- apprise
- audacious
- baffle
- be
- beat
- blitz
- block off
- bobby
- bust
- call on
- call out
- catch up
- check
- check up on
- clamp down
- clash
- clear up
- compelling
- confiscate
- confuse
- constable
- cop
- corrupt
- cover-up
- crack down
- demonstration
- detain
- detect
- disturb
- divert
- dossier
- eject
- else
- enquiry
- examine
- extend
- fed
- ferocious
- fit
- flag down
- flee
- force
- full-scale
- grievous
- heel
- hiding
- Interpol

* * *

policía

♦ nmf

police officer, policeman, f policewoman;

un policía de paisano a plain-clothes policeman

Comp
Ven Fam policía acostado speed bump, Br sleeping policeman;
policía municipal local policeman, f local policewoman;

policía nacional = officer of the national police force;

policía de tráfico traffic policeman, f traffic policewoman

♦ nf

la policía the police;

viene la policía the police are coming

Comp
policía antidisturbios riot police; Esp policía autónoma = police force of one of Spain's autonomous regions;
policía de barrio community police;
RP policía caminera traffic police;
policía judicial = division of police which carries out the orders of a court;
Méx policía judicial federal = police force that acts under the orders of federal judges;
policía militar military police;

policía montada mounted police;

policía municipal local police;

policía nacional national police force;
Esp policía de proximidad community police;
policía secreta secret police;

policía de tráfico traffic police;
Am policía de tránsito traffic police;
policía urbana local police;
Arg, Col, Méx policía vial traffic police
* * *

policía

I f

1 cuerpo police

2 agente police officer, policewoman

II m police officer, policeman

* * *

policía nf

: police

policía nmf

: police officer, policeman m, policewoman f

* * *

policía n

1. (cuerpo) police

fue a la policía para denunciar el robo he went to the police to report the robbery

2. (agente) policeman [pl. policemen] / policewoman [pl. policewomen]

dos policías siguieron al sospechoso two policemen followed the suspect

Spanish-English dictionary > policía
18 in

1. preposition
1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

in the fields — auf den Feldern

a ride in a motor car — eine Autofahrt

shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

in this heat — bei dieser Hitze

the highest mountain in the world — der höchste Berg der Welt

2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

a lady in black — eine Dame in Schwarz

3) (with respect to)

two feet in diameter — mit einem Durchmesser von zwei Fuß

a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)

4) (as a proportionate part of)

eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

6) (as content of)

there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß

what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

what line of business are you in? — in welcher Branche sind Sie?

he's in politics — er ist Politiker

she's in insurance — sie ist in der Versicherungsbranche tätig

9)

be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

a message in code — eine verschlüsselte Nachricht

in writing — schriftlich

in this way — auf diese Weise; so

in a few words — mit wenigen Worten

a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt

this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

write something in red — etwas in Rot schreiben

draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

11) (while, during)

in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

13) (within the ability of)

have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut

there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)

14)

in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

15)

in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
2. adverb
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)

‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

2) (at home, work, etc.)

be in — da sein

find somebody in — jemanden antreffen

ask somebody in — jemanden hereinbitten

he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

4) (inward) innen

5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

6) (elected)

be in — gewählt sein

7) (having arrived)

be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

8)

somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

have it in for somebody — es auf jemanden abgesehen haben (ugs.)

9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
3. attributive adjective
(fashionable) Mode-

the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

in joke — Insiderwitz, der
4. noun
know the ins and outs of a matter — sich in einer Sache genau auskennen

* * *

(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke

* * *

in

[ɪn]

I. PREPOSITION

1. (position) in + dat

the butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im Kühlschrank

I live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschland

he read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesen

soak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichen

I've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rücken

who's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?

he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichts

down below \in the valley unten im Tal

\in a savings account auf einem Sparkonto

to lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegen

to ride \in a car [im] Auto fahren

to be \in hospital im Krankenhaus sein

\in the middle of sth in der Mitte von etw dat

to be \in prison im Gefängnis sein

to be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)

\in the street auf der Straße

2. after vb (into) in + dat

I just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getan

he went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regen

slice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durch

to get \in the car ins Auto steigen

to invest \in the future in die Zukunft investieren

to invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegen

to get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geraten

3. AM (at) auf + dat

is Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?

Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem College

4. (as part of) in + dat

he was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Band

there are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tage

get together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!

you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dir

5. (state, condition) in + dat

he cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzen

he always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel

\in anger im Zorn

dark \in colour dunkelfarbig

difference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied m

to be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]

\in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung

\in horror voller Entsetzen

\in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeit

to be \in a hurry es eilig haben

to be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt sein

to fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verlieben

to live \in luxury im Luxus leben

to be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein

\in private vertraulich

to put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen

\in a state of panic in Panik

\in secret im Geheimen, heimlich

to tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen

6. (with) mit + dat

, in + dat

it was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogen

to pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlen

to pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlen

to write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

to paint \in oils in Öl malen

\in writing schriftlich

7. (language, music, voice)

Mozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll

\in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutsch

to listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hören

to speak to sb \in a normal tone of voice sich akk mit jdm normal unterhalten

to speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen

to talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen

8. (time: during) am + dat

, in + dat

he's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tage

she assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation

\in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968

\in the end am Ende, schließlich

to be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel sein

to be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein

\in March/May im März/Mai

\in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]

\in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern

\in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winter

9. (time: within) in + dat

dinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertig

I'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig sein

he learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahren

to return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen

\in record time in Rekordzeit

10. (time: for) seit + dat

she hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehört

I haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemacht

I haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehen

11. (at a distance of) nach + dat

the house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen

12. (job, profession)

he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tun

she's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerin

she works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlag

to enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichten

13. (wearing) in + dat

he was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarz

you look nice \in green Grün steht dir

the woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hut

the man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzug

to be \in disguise verkleidet sein

\in the nude nackt

to sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbaden

to be \in uniform Uniform tragen

14. (result) als

\in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss

\in exchange als Ersatz, dafür

\in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit

\in reply [or answer] [or response] to als Reaktion [o Antwort] auf + akk

\in that... ( form) insofern als

I was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte

15. + -ing (while doing)

\in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um

\in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job

\in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen

\in doing so dabei, damit

16. (with quantities)

temperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegen

he's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter groß

a novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilen

people died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausenden

to be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen

\in total insgesamt

17. (comparing amounts) pro + dat

the potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfund

she has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu drei

one \in ten people jeder zehnte

18. after vb (concerning)

to interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischen

to share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen

to be interested \in in sth sich akk für etw akk interessieren

19. after n

she underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändert

she had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidung

to have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben

20. (in a person)

▪ \in sb mit jdm

we're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentin

it isn't \in sb to do sth jd ist nicht zu etw dat in der Lage

it's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügen

to not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

21. (author) bei + dat

these themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor

22.

▶ \in all insgesamt

there were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt

▶ all \in all alles in allem

all \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr

▶ \in between dazwischen

▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied

▶ to be \in and out of sth:

she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im Krankenhaus

II. ADVERB

1. inv (into sth) herein

come \in! herein!

\in with you! rein mit dir!

he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hinein

she was locked \in sie war eingesperrt

could you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?

she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebeten

the sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hinein

to bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringen

2. inv (at arrival point) train, bus

the train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffen

the bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommen

3. inv (towards land)

is the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?

we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief

4. inv (submitted)

to get [or hand] sth \in etw abgeben [o einreichen

5. inv (elected)

to get \in candidate gewählt werden; party also an die Regierung kommen

6.

▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagaus

▶ to get \in with sb sich akk bei jdm lieb Kind machen fam

▶ to get \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen

▶ to let sb \in on sth jdn in etw akk einweihen

III. ADJECTIVE

1. pred, inv (there) da; (at home) zu Hause

is David \in? ist David da?

I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause form

to have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringen

2. inv (leading in) einwärts

door \in Eingangstür f

\in-tray AUS, BRIT

\in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post

3. inv (in fashion) in

▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] sein

to be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant sein

4. pred, inv (submitted)

when does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?

the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen sein

5. pred, inv (elected)

▪ to be \in candidate gewählt sein; party also an der Regierung sein

6. pred, inv SPORT (within bounds)

the ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!

7. pred, inv SPORT

▪ to be \in player am Ball sein; (in cricket) team am Schlag sein

8. pred, inv (in season) reif

pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!

9.

▶ to be \in at sth bei etw dat dabei sein

▶ to be \in for sth sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen müssen

you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...

▶ to be \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen

▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben sein

she just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machen

IV. NOUN

1. (connection) Kontakt[e] m[pl]

he wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte

2. AM POL

▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei

3.

▶ to know the \ins and outs of sth sich akk in einer S. dat genau auskennen

▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen

* * *
[ɪn]
1. PREPOSITION
When in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.
1) position in (+dat); (with motion) in (+acc)

it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto

he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche

in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)

go in that direction — gehen Sie in diese or dieser Richtung

in the street — auf der/die Straße

in Thompson Street — in der Thompsonstraße

he lives in a little village — er wohnt auf or in einem kleinen Dorf

sitting in the window — am Fenster sitzend

a flag hung in the window — eine Flagge hing im Fenster

in (the) church — in der Kirche

to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben

in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis

in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.

the highest mountain in Scotland — der höchste Berg Schottlands or in Schottland

the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste

2) people bei

you can find examples of this in Dickens —

rare in a child of that age — selten bei einem Kind in diesem Alter

you have a great leader in him — in ihm habt ihr einen großen Führer

he hasn't got it in him — er hat nicht das Zeug dazu

he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...

3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)

in 1999 — (im Jahre) 1999

in May 1999 — im Mai 1999

in the sixties — in den sechziger Jahren or Sechzigerjahren

in June — im Juni

in (the) spring — im Frühling

in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag

in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag

in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages

in the evening — abends, am Abend

three o'clock in the afternoon — drei Uhr nachmittags

in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit

4) time of life in (+dat)

she is in her thirties — sie ist in den Dreißigern

in middle age — im mittleren Alter

in old age — im Alter

in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter

in my childhood — in meiner Kindheit

5) interval of time in (+dat)

she did it in three hours — sie machte es in drei Stunden or innerhalb von drei Stunden

in a short time — in kurzer Zeit

in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche

I haven't seen him in years — ich habe ihn jahrelang or seit Jahren nicht mehr gesehen

in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich

6) numbers, quantities zu

packed in hundreds — zu Hunderten abgepackt

to walk in twos — zu zweit gehen

to count in fives —

to die in hundreds — zu hunderten or Hunderten sterben

in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen

in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad

in part — teilweise, zum Teil

7)

ratios he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500

one ( man) in ten — einer von zehn, jeder Zehnte

one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn

one in five children — ein Kind von fünf

a tax of twenty pence in the pound — ein Steuersatz von zwanzig Prozent

there are 12 inches in a foot — ein Fuß hat 12 Zoll

8)

manner, state, condition to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechen

to speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen

to speak in German —

the background is painted in red — der Hintergrund ist rot( gemalt) or in Rot gehalten

to pay in dollars — mit or in Dollar bezahlen

to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen

in this way — so, auf diese Weise

she squealed in delight — sie quietschte vor Vergnügen

in anger — im Zorn

in surprise — überrascht

to be in a rage — wütend or zornig sein

in good condition — in gutem Zustand

to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben

9) clothes in (+dat)

in one's best clothes — in Sonntagskleidung

in his shirt — im Hemd

in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig

in his slippers — in Hausschuhen

dressed in white — weiß gekleidet

she was dressed in silk —

the lady in green — die Dame in Grün

10)

substance, material upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogen

to paint in oils — in Öl malen

to write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

in marble — in Marmor, marmorn

a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet

11)

in respect of blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blind

a rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise

ten feet in height by thirty in length — zehn Fuß hoch auf dreißig Fuß lang

the trousers are too long in the leg — die (Hosen)beine sind zu lang

five in number — fünf an der Zahl

the latest thing in hats — der letzte Schrei bei Hüten

12)

occupation, activity he is in the army — er ist beim Militär

he is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)

13)

set structures __diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ich

in trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch

in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser

but in saying this —

he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen

the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...

2. ADVERB
When in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)
there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.

the train is in — der Zug ist da or angekommen

the harvest is in — die Ernte ist eingebracht

the tide is in — es ist Flut

our team is in (Cricket) — unsere Mannschaft ist am Schlag

our candidate is in — unser Kandidat wurde gewählt or ist reingekommen (inf)

my luck is in — ich habe einen Glückstag

he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen

we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor

he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen

he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen

3. ADJECTIVE
(inf) in inv (inf)
long skirts are in — lange Röcke sind in (inf) or sind in Mode

the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist

the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...

it's the in place to go — da gehen jetzt alle hin

the in thing to do — groß in Mode

4. the insPLURAL NOUN

1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten pl

to know the ins and outs of sth —

I don't know the ins and outs of the situation — über die Einzelheiten der Sache weiß ich nicht Bescheid

2) POL US

the ins — die Regierungspartei

* * *

in [ın]

A präp

1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):

in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc

2. fig in (dat), bei, auf (dat), an (dat): → army 3, politics 3, share¹ A 4 b, stock A 19, etc

3. bei (Schriftstellern):

in Shakespeare

4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):

put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche

5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:

in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm² Bes Redew, brief B 1, case¹ A 2, cash¹ A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear¹ 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etc

6. (Beteiligung) in (dat), an (dat), bei:

be in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;

he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;

there is nothing in it

a) es lohnt sich nicht,

b) → nothing Bes Redew

7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):

in crossing the river beim Überqueren des Flusses; → accident 3, search C 1

8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):

it is not in her to do sth es liegt nicht in ihrer Art, etwas zu tun; → have Bes Redew, etc

9. (zeitlich) in (dat), an (dat), bei, binnen, unter (dat), während, zu:

in two hours

a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,

b) während zweier Stunden;

in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight², October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc

10. (Richtung) in (akk, dat), auf (akk), zu: → confidence 1, trust B 1, etc

11. (Zweck) in (dat), zu, als: → answer A 1, defence 5, etc

12. (Grund) in (dat), aus, wegen, zu: → honor B 2, sport A 4, etc

13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):

the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that³ 4, width 1, etc

14. nach, gemäß: → opinion 1, probability 1, etc

15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:

in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;

a statue in bronze eine Bronzestatue; → oil A 2, pencil A 1, white B 1, etc

16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:

seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;

there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;

one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;

five in the hundred 5 vom Hundert, 5 Prozent; → all Bes Redew, one A 1, etc

B adv

1. innen, drinnen:

in among mitten unter (akk od dat);

know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;

be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;

now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:

a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurück

b) jetzt bist oder sitzt oder steckst du in der Patsche, jetzt gehts dir an den Kragen umg;

he is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;

I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;

be in on

a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),

b) beteiligt sein an (dat);

be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;

the harvest is in die Ernte ist eingebracht; → keep in B 3, penny 1, etc

2. herein: → come in 1, show in, etc

3. hinein:

the way in der Eingang, der Weg nach innen; → walk in, etc

4. da, (an)gekommen:

the train is in

5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:

Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;

he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag

6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:

the Conservatives are in; → come in 4

7. in umg, in Mode: → come in 3

8. SCHIFF

a) im Hafen

b) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)

c) zum Hafen:

on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)

9. dazu, zusätzlich, als Zugabe: → throw in 3

C adj

1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…

2. POL an der Macht befindlich:

in party Regierungspartei f

3. nach Hause kommend:

the in train der ankommende Zug

4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;

the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in ist

5. umg (nur) für Eingeweihte oder Kenner (Witz etc)

D s

1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f

2. Winkel m, Ecke f:

the ins and outs

a) alle Winkel und Ecken,

b) fig (alle) Einzelheiten oder Schwierigkeiten oder Feinheiten;

know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)

* * *
1. preposition
1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

in the fields — auf den Feldern

a ride in a motor car — eine Autofahrt

shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

in this heat — bei dieser Hitze

the highest mountain in the world — der höchste Berg der Welt

2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

a lady in black — eine Dame in Schwarz

3) (with respect to)

two feet in diameter — mit einem Durchmesser von zwei Fuß

a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)

4) (as a proportionate part of)

eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

6) (as content of)

there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß

what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

what line of business are you in? — in welcher Branche sind Sie?

he's in politics — er ist Politiker

she's in insurance — sie ist in der Versicherungsbranche tätig

9)

be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

a message in code — eine verschlüsselte Nachricht

in writing — schriftlich

in this way — auf diese Weise; so

in a few words — mit wenigen Worten

a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt

this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

write something in red — etwas in Rot schreiben

draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

11) (while, during)

in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

13) (within the ability of)

have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut

there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)

14)

in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

15)

in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
2. adverb
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)

‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

2) (at home, work, etc.)

be in — da sein

find somebody in — jemanden antreffen

ask somebody in — jemanden hereinbitten

he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

4) (inward) innen

5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

6) (elected)

be in — gewählt sein

7) (having arrived)

be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

8)

somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

have it in for somebody — es auf jemanden abgesehen haben (ugs.)

9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
3. attributive adjective
(fashionable) Mode-

the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

in joke — Insiderwitz, der
4. noun
know the ins and outs of a matter — sich in einer Sache genau auskennen

* * *

adj.

hinein adj. prep.

an präp.

auf präp.

in präp.

English-german dictionary > in
19 life

plural - lives; noun

1) (the quality belonging to plants and animals which distinguishes them from rocks, minerals etc and things which are dead: Doctors are fighting to save the child's life.) vida

2) (the period between birth and death: He had a long and happy life.) vida

3) (liveliness: She was full of life and energy.) vida

4) (a manner of living: She lived a life of ease and idleness.) vida

5) (the period during which any particular state exists: He had many different jobs during his working life.) vida

6) (living things: It is now believed that there may be life on Mars; animal life.) vida

7) (the story of a life: He has written a life of Churchill.) biografía

8) (life imprisonment: He was given life for murder.) cadena perpetua

•

- lifeless
- lifelike
- life-and-death
- lifebelt
- lifeboat
- lifebuoy
- life-cycle
- life expectancy
- lifeguard
- life-jacket
- lifeline
- lifelong
- life-saving
- life-sized
- life-size
- lifetime
- as large as life
- bring to life
- come to life
- for life
- the life and soul of the party
- not for the life of me
- not on your life!
- take life
- take one's life
- take one's life in one's hands
- to the life

life n vida

she saved my life me salvó la vida

El plural de life se escribe lives

life

tr[laɪf]

noun (pl lives tr[laɪvz])

1 vida

■ she can't play tennis for her life es una negada para el tenis

■ never in my life have I heard such nonsense! ¡jamás en la vida había oído tales estupideces!

2 (of battery) duración nombre femenino

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

for dear life con toda su fuerza

it's a matter of life and death es cuestión de vida o muerte

not on your life! familiar ¡ni hablar!

run for your life «(lives)»! ¡sálvese quien pueda!

to be the life and soul of the party ser el alma de la fiesta

to bring somebody back to life resucitar a alguien

to come to life cobrar vida

to have the time of one's life pasárselo como nunca

to live the life of Riley familiar pegarse la gran vida

to lose one's life perder la vida

to take one's life in one's hands (risk) arriesgar la vida 2 (control) controlar su propia vida

to take one's own life suicidarse, quitarse la vida

to take somebody's life matar a alguien

life belt / life buoy salvavidas nombre masculino

life cycle ciclo vital

life expectancy esperanza de vida

life insurance seguro de vida

life imprisonment cadena perpetua

life jacket chaleco salvavidas

life preserver SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL salvavidas nombre masculino

life sentence cadena perpetua

life story biografía

life style estilo de vida

life ['laɪf] n, pl lives ['laɪvz]

1) : vida f

plant life: la vida vegetal

2) existence: vida f, existencia f

3) biography: biografía f, vida f

4) duration: duración f, vida f

5) liveliness: vivacidad f, animación f

life

adj.

• perpetuo, -a adj.

• vital adj.

• vitalicio, -a adj.

n.

(§ pl.: lives) = animación s.f.

• existencia s.f.

• ser s.m.

• tiempo de vida s.m.

• vida s.f.

• vigencia s.f.

• vivir s.m.

laɪf
noun (pl lives)

1) c u ( existence) vida f

it will last you for life — te durará toda la vida

maimed for life — lisiado de por vida

for the rest of my life — por el resto de mis días

early in life — en su (or mi, etc) juventud

in later life — más tarde or más adelante

at my time of life — a mi edad, con la edad que tengo

he began life as a car salesman — empezó vendiendo coches

the man/woman in your life — el hombre/la mujer de tu vida

to have the time of one's life — divertirse* como nunca or (fam) de lo lindo

to live life to the full — vivir la vida al máximo

to see life — ver* mundo

you can bet your life we'll be late! — (colloq) te apuesto lo que quieras a que llegamos tarde!

to lose one's life — perder* la vida

no lives were lost — no hubo muertos

to risk one's life — arriesgar* la vida

to save somebody's life — salvarle la vida a alguien

to take somebody's life — (frml) darle* muerte a alguien (frml)

to take one's (own) life — (frml) quitarse la vida (frml)

a matter of life and death — una cuestión de vida o muerte

as large as life — en carne y hueso

he couldn't darn a sock to save his life — no sería capaz de zurcir un calcetín ni aun si le fuera la vida en ello

larger than life: the characters are all larger than life todos los personajes son creaciones que desbordan la realidad; he was a larger-than-life character era un personaje exuberante; not for the life of one: I can't remember for the life of me no me puedo acordar por nada del mundo; not on your life! ni muerto!; to cling/hold on for dear life aferrarse/agarrarse desesperadamente; to fight/run for one's life: they had to run for their lives tuvieron que correr como alma que lleva el diablo; run for your lives! sálvese quien pueda!; he was fighting for (his) life se debatía entre la vida y la muerte; to frighten o scare the life out of somebody darle* or pegarle* un susto mortal a alguien; (to have) the shock of one's life llevarse el susto de su (or mi etc) vida; she gave the performance of her life actuó como nunca; to risk life and limb arriesgar* la vida; to take one's life in one's hands jugarse* la vida; (before n) <member, pension, president> vitalicio; life force fuerza f vital; life imprisonment cadena f perpetua; life sentence condena f a perpetuidad or a cadena perpetua; his life story — la historia de su vida

2) u

a) ( vital force) vida f

it brings the history of this period to life — hace cobrar vida a este período de la historia

to bring somebody back to life — resucitar a alguien

to come to life — \<\<party\>\> animarse; \<\<puppet/doll\>\> cobrar vida

b) ( vitality) vida f, vitalidad f

to inject new life into something — revitalizar* algo

to be the life o (esp BrE) the life and soul of the party — ser* el alma de la fiesta

3) u ( lifestyle) vida f

married life — la vida de casado

this is the life (for me)! — esto sí que es vida!

to live the life of Riley — darse* la gran vida, vivir a cuerpo de rey

4) u ( living things) vida f

animal/plant life — vida animal/vegetal

5) u ( duration - of battery) duración f, vida f; (- of agreement) vigencia f

6) u ( imprisonment) (colloq) cadena f perpetua

he got life — lo condenaron a cadena perpetua

7) u ( Art)

to paint/draw from life — pintar/dibujar del natural

8) c ( biography) vida f

[laɪf]
1. N
(pl lives)
1) (=animate state) vida f

life on earth — la vida en la tierra

bird life — los pájaros

there is not much insect life here — aquí hay pocos insectos

plant life — vida f vegetal, las plantas fpl

• to bring sb back to life — resucitar or reanimar a algn

• a matter of life and death — cosa f de vida o muerte

I don't believe in life after death — no creo en la vida después de la muerte

• to risk life and limb — jugarse la vida

2) (=existence) vida f

the life of an ant — la vida de una hormiga

how's life? * — ¿cómo te va (la vida)?, ¿qué hubo? (Mex, Chile)

I do have a life outside of work, you know — yo hago otras cosas en mi vida aparte de trabajar ¿sabes?

• to begin life as... — empezar la vida como...

life begins at 40 — la vida comienza a los 40

• to depart this life — liter partir de esta vida

• in early/later life — en los años juveniles/maduras

• I can't for the life of me remember * — por más que lo intento no puedo recordar

I clung on for dear life — me agarré como si me fuera la vida en ello

she was fighting for her life — se debatía entre la vida y la muerte

run for your life! — ¡sálvese quien pueda!

to be on trial for one's life — ser acusado de un crimen capital

• you gave me the fright of my life! — ¡qué susto me diste!

• life goes on or must go on — la vida sigue

• to lay down one's life — dar su vida, entregar su vida

• to lose one's life — perder la vida

how many lives were lost? — ¿cuántas víctimas hubo?

three lives were lost — murieron tres

• never in my life — en mi vida

• in the next life — en el más allá, en la otra vida

• to have a life of its own — [object, machine] tener vida propia

• in real life — en la vida real

• to see life — ver mundo

• to spend one's life doing sth — pasar la vida haciendo algo

• to take sb's life — quitar la vida a algn

to take one's own life — quitarse la vida, suicidarse

you'll be taking your life in your hands if you climb up there — subir allí es jugarse la vida

• at my time of life — a mi edad, con los años que yo tengo

• his life won't be worth living — más le valdría morirse

it's more than my life's worth — sería jugarme la vida
bed 1., 4), private 3., save I, 1., 1)
3) (=way of living)

• country/ city life — la vida de la ciudad/del campo

• the good life — una vida agradable; (Rel) la vida santa

it's a good life — es una vida agradable

I've had a good life — la vida me ha tratado bien

• it's a hard life — la vida es muy dura

• to make a new life for o.s., to start a new life — comenzar una vida nueva

• to live one's own life — ser dueño de su propia vida

• to lead a quiet life — llevar una vida tranquila
Riley
4) (in exclamations)

• get a life! * — ¡espabílate y haz algo!

• (upon) my life! — † ¡Dios mío!

• not on your life! * — ¡ni hablar!

• such is life!, that's life! — ¡así es la vida!

• this is the life! — ¡esto sí que es vida!, ¡esto es jauja!

what a life! — (=bad) ¡qué vida esta!; (=good) ¡vaya vida!, ¡eso sí que es vivir bien!

5) (=liveliness) vida f

• his acting brought the character to life — su actuación dio vida al personaje

she brought the party to life — animó la fiesta

• to come to life — animarse

• to put or breathe new life into sth/sb — infundir nueva vida a algo/algn

you need to put a bit of life into it — tienes que ponerle un poco de garra

• the life and soul of the party — el alma de la fiesta

6) (=lifespan) [of person] vida f ; [of licence] vigencia f, validez f ; [of battery] vida f, duración f

during the life of this government — durante el mandato de este gobierno

• friends for life — amigos mpl para siempre

scarred for life — con una cicatriz de por vida

a job for life — un trabajo para toda la vida

these birds mate for life — estas aves tienen una sola pareja en su vida

• it was her life's work — fue el trabajo de toda su vida

7) * (=life imprisonment)

• to do life — cumplir una condena de cadena or reclusión perpetua

• to get life, be sentenced to life — ser condenado a cadena or reclusión perpetua

8) (Art)

• to paint from life — pintar del natural

• true to life — fiel a la realidad

9) (=biography) vida f

10) (US)
** [of prostitute]
she's in the life — hace la calle *, es una mujer de la vida

2.

CPD

life and death struggle N — lucha f a vida o muerte

life annuity N — pensión f or anualidad f vitalicia

life assurance N — seguro m de vida

life class N — (Art) clase f de dibujo al natural

life coach N — profesional encargado de mejorar la situación laboral y personal de sus clientes

life cycle N — ciclo m vital

life drawing N — dibujo m del natural

life expectancy N — esperanza f de vida

life force N — fuerza f vital

life form N — forma f de vida

Life Guards NPL — (Brit) (Mil) regimiento de caballería

life history N — [of person] (historia f de la) vida f ; hum, iro vida f y milagros * mpl

the life history of the salmon — (la historia de) la vida del salmón

life imprisonment N — cadena f perpetua

life insurance N — = life assurance

life interest N — usufructo m vitalicio

life jacket N — chaleco m salvavidas

life member N — miembro m vitalicio

life membership N —

to take out a life membership — inscribirse como miembro vitalicio or de por vida

life peer N — (Brit) (Parl) miembro de la Cámara de los Lores de carácter no hereditario

life preserver N — (Brit) cachiporra f ; (US) chaleco m salvavidas

life president N — presidente mf de por vida

life raft N — balsa f salvavidas

life sciences NPL — ciencias fpl de la vida

life sentence N — condena f a perpetuidad

life span N — [of person] vida f ; [of product] vida f útil

life story N — biografía f

life vest N — (US) chaleco m salvavidas

* * *
[laɪf]
noun (pl lives)

1) c u ( existence) vida f

it will last you for life — te durará toda la vida

maimed for life — lisiado de por vida

for the rest of my life — por el resto de mis días

early in life — en su (or mi, etc) juventud

in later life — más tarde or más adelante

at my time of life — a mi edad, con la edad que tengo

he began life as a car salesman — empezó vendiendo coches

the man/woman in your life — el hombre/la mujer de tu vida

to have the time of one's life — divertirse* como nunca or (fam) de lo lindo

to live life to the full — vivir la vida al máximo

to see life — ver* mundo

you can bet your life we'll be late! — (colloq) te apuesto lo que quieras a que llegamos tarde!

to lose one's life — perder* la vida

no lives were lost — no hubo muertos

to risk one's life — arriesgar* la vida

to save somebody's life — salvarle la vida a alguien

to take somebody's life — (frml) darle* muerte a alguien (frml)

to take one's (own) life — (frml) quitarse la vida (frml)

a matter of life and death — una cuestión de vida o muerte

as large as life — en carne y hueso

he couldn't darn a sock to save his life — no sería capaz de zurcir un calcetín ni aun si le fuera la vida en ello

larger than life: the characters are all larger than life todos los personajes son creaciones que desbordan la realidad; he was a larger-than-life character era un personaje exuberante; not for the life of one: I can't remember for the life of me no me puedo acordar por nada del mundo; not on your life! ni muerto!; to cling/hold on for dear life aferrarse/agarrarse desesperadamente; to fight/run for one's life: they had to run for their lives tuvieron que correr como alma que lleva el diablo; run for your lives! sálvese quien pueda!; he was fighting for (his) life se debatía entre la vida y la muerte; to frighten o scare the life out of somebody darle* or pegarle* un susto mortal a alguien; (to have) the shock of one's life llevarse el susto de su (or mi etc) vida; she gave the performance of her life actuó como nunca; to risk life and limb arriesgar* la vida; to take one's life in one's hands jugarse* la vida; (before n) <member, pension, president> vitalicio; life force fuerza f vital; life imprisonment cadena f perpetua; life sentence condena f a perpetuidad or a cadena perpetua; his life story — la historia de su vida

2) u

a) ( vital force) vida f

it brings the history of this period to life — hace cobrar vida a este período de la historia

to bring somebody back to life — resucitar a alguien

to come to life — \<\<party\>\> animarse; \<\<puppet/doll\>\> cobrar vida

b) ( vitality) vida f, vitalidad f

to inject new life into something — revitalizar* algo

to be the life o (esp BrE) the life and soul of the party — ser* el alma de la fiesta

3) u ( lifestyle) vida f

married life — la vida de casado

this is the life (for me)! — esto sí que es vida!

to live the life of Riley — darse* la gran vida, vivir a cuerpo de rey

4) u ( living things) vida f

animal/plant life — vida animal/vegetal

5) u ( duration - of battery) duración f, vida f; (- of agreement) vigencia f

6) u ( imprisonment) (colloq) cadena f perpetua

he got life — lo condenaron a cadena perpetua

7) u ( Art)

to paint/draw from life — pintar/dibujar del natural

8) c ( biography) vida f

English-spanish dictionary > life
20 for

fo:
1. preposition
1) (to be given or sent to: This letter is for you.) para

2) (towards; in the direction of: We set off for London.) para, hacia, en dirección a

3) (through a certain time or distance: for three hours; for three miles.) durante

4) (in order to have, get, be etc: He asked me for some money; Go for a walk.) (pedir dinero); (salir) a (pasear)

5) (in return; as payment: He paid $2 for his ticket.) por

6) (in order to be prepared: He's getting ready for the journey.) para

7) (representing: He is the member of parliament for Hull.) por

8) (on behalf of: Will you do it for me?) por

9) (in favour of: Are you for or against the plan?) por, a favor de

10) (because of: for this reason.) por, a causa de

11) (having a particular purpose: She gave me money for the bus fare.) para

12) (indicating an ability or an attitude to: a talent for baking; an ear for music.) para

13) (as being: They mistook him for someone else.) por, para

14) (considering what is used in the case of: It is quite warm for January (= considering that it is January when it is usually cold).) para

15) (in spite of: For all his money, he didn't seem happy.) a pesar de

2. conjunction
(because: It must be late, for I have been here a long time.) ya que, puesto que

for prep

1. para

this present is for you este regalo es para ti

there are tables for smokers and non-smokers hay mesas para fumadores y no fumadores

glue for sticking leather pegamento para pegar el cuero

I'll be there for the wedding estaré allí para la boda

is this the train for London? ¿es éste el tren que va a Londres?

2. por

I bought it for £12 lo compré por 12 libras

what can I do for you? ¿qué puedo hacer por ti?

he was fined for stealing lo multaron por robar

3. desde hace

I have lived in Spain for twenty years vivo en España desde hace veinte años

4. durante

I waited for three hours esperé durante tres horas

5. de

"T" for Tony "T" de Tony

what's the word for "cheese" in Spanish? ¿cómo se dice "cheese" en español?

6. a favor de

are you for the plan, or against it? ¿estás a favor del plan, o en contra?

for

tr[fɔː^SMALLr/SMALL]

preposition

1 (intended) para

■ it's a present for you es un regalo para ti

■ save some cake for me guarda un poco de pastel para mí

■ there's a phone call for Mr. Smith hay una llamada para el Sr. Smith

2 (purpose) para

■ what's this for? ¿para qué sirve esto?

■ I need something for a cough necesito algo para la tos

■ shall we meet for lunch? ¿quedamos para comer?

3 (destination) para

■ he's left for work ha salido para el trabajo

■ where do I catch the train for Newcastle? ¿dónde se coge el tren para Newcastle?

■ passengers for London now boarding pasajeros con destino a Londres pueden embarcar

■ it's a novel for teenagers es una novela para quinceañeros

■ flat for rent piso para alquilar

4 (in order to help, on behalf of) por

■ do it for me hazlo por mí

■ I'll get that for you if you can't reach yo te lo cogeré si no llegas

■ I think I speak for everyone creo que hablo en nombre de todos

■ it's for your own good es por tu propio bien

5 (because of, on account of) por, a causa de

■ York is famous for its cathedral York es famoso por su catedral

■ he dare not speak for fear of waking the baby no se atreve a hablar por miedo a despertar al bebé

■ I couldn't sleep for the noise no pude dormir por el ruido

■ if it weren't for him si no fuera por él

6 (past time) durante; (future time) por; (specific point in time) para

■ we went for two weeks fuimos por dos semanas

■ we talked for a while hablamos durante un rato

■ we're going for a fortnight vamos por quince días

■ I'd like to go away for a few days me gustaría ir fuera unos días

■ I'll love you for ever te amaré para siempre

■ I've booked a table for tomorrow he reservado una mesa para mañana

■ a meeting has been called for 10.00 se ha convocado una reunión para las 10.00

■ that's all for today es todo por hoy

■ I've lived here for 5 years hace 5 años que vivo aquí, vivo aquí desde hace 5 años

■ she hadn't seen him for a year hacía un año que no le veía

■ it's the first accident here for a long time es el primer accidente que ocurre aquí desde hace mucho tiempo

7 (distance)

■ I walked for five miles caminé cinco millas

8 (in exchange, as replacement of) por

■ I got it for £500 lo conseguí por 500 libras

■ the record went for $50 el disco se vendió por 50 dólares

■ he exchanged his old car for a new one cambió su viejo coche por uno nuevo

■ you shouldn't translate word for word no deberías traducir palabra por palabra

■ the manager substituted Jones for Lee el entrenador sustituyó a Jones por Lee

9 (in favour of, in support of) por, a favor de

■ this is a campaign for peace es una campaña a favor de la paz

■ who did you vote for? ¿a quién votaste?

■ he'd give his life for him daría su vida por él

■ he fought for his country luchó por la patria

■ he's played for his country ha jugado en la selección nacional

■ are you for or against the new laws? ¿estás a favor o en contra de las nuevas leyes?

■ I'm all for a state lottery soy partidario de una lotería estatal

10 (despite) a pesar de, para; (considering, contrast) para

■ she's very tall for her age es muy alta para su edad

■ he does it really well for a child lo hace muy bien por ser un niño

■ he's quite nice for a policeman es bastante simpático para ser policía

■ I still love him, for all his faults lo quiero, a pesar de todos sus defectos

11 (as) de, como, por

■ what do they use for fuel? ¿qué utilizan de combustible?

■ he was left for dead lo dieron por muerto

12 (in order to obtain) para

■ for further details... para más información....

■ she went to her mother for advice acudió a su madre para que le aconsejara

■ 100 people applied for the job 100 personas solicitaron el puesto

■ we ran for our lives tuvimos que correr para salvarnos

■ I only did it for the money lo hice solamente por el dinero

■ she sent for the doctor llamó al médico

13 (representing) por; (meaning) de

■ she's the MP for Southampton es la diputada por Southampton

■ I can't go to the meeting - will you go for me? no puedo asistir a la reunión - ¿quieres ir en mi lugar?

■ a cheque for 20 pounds un talón (por valor) de 20 libras

■ B for Barcelona B de Barcelona

■ what's the Spanish for "pool"? ¿cómo se dice "pool" en castellano?

■ red for danger rojo de peligro

14 (as regards, concerning) por, en cuanto a

■ for my part, he can do as he likes por mí, que haga lo que quiera

■ as for him, who cares? en cuanto a él, ¿a quién le importa?

■ luckily for us, it didn't rain afortunadamente para nosotros, no llovió

15 (as part of, as being) por, para

■ I took him for the manager lo tomé por el director

■ do you know that for a fact? ¿lo sabes a ciencia cierta?

■ what do you want for dinner? ¿qué quieres para comer?

1 para

■ it's easy for you to say that para ti es fácil decir eso

■ it's impossible for me to come to the wedding me es imposible asistir a la boda

■ there's no need for you to do that no hace falta que hagas eso

■ it's time for you to go es hora de que te marches

■ I bought it for you to wear tonight lo compré para que te lo pusieras esta noche

■ it's for you to use at work es para que lo uses en el trabajo

■ that's no reason for you to get so upset no es motivo para que te preocupes tanto

conjunction

16 formal use literal ya que, puesto que

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

as for me por mi parte, en cuanto a mí

for all I know que yo sepa

for all that a pesar de todo, con todo

for good para siempre

for the first time por primera vez

for the last time por última vez

oh for...! ¡ojalá tuviera...!

■ oh for a star to guide my way! ¡ojalá tuviera una estrella que me guiara los pasos!

there's nothing for it but... no hay más remedio que...

to be for it cargársela

■ he'll be for it if they find out se la va a cargar si se enteran

for ['fɔr] conj

: puesto que, porque

for prep

1) (indicating purpose) : para, de

clothes for children: ropa para niños

it's time for dinner: es la hora de comer

2) because of: por

for fear of: por miedo de

3) (indicating a recipient) : para, por

a gift for you: un regalo para ti

4) (indicating support) : por

he fought for his country: luchó por su patria

5) (indicating a goal) : por, para

a cure for cancer: una cura para el cáncer

for your own good: por tu propio bien

6) (indicating correspondence or exchange) : por, para

I bought it for $5: lo compré por $5

a lot of trouble for nothing: mucha molestia para nada

7) as for: para, con respecto a

8) (indicating duration) : durante, por

he's going for two years: se va por dos años

I spoke for ten minutes: hablé (durante) diez minutos

she has known it for three months: lo sabe desde hace tres meses

for

conj.

• para conj.

• pues conj.

• ya que conj.

n.

• por s.m.

prep.

• a causa de prep.

• como prep.

• de prep.

• durante prep.

• en honor de prep.

• en lugar de prep.

• para prep.

• por prep.

I fɔːr, fɔː(r), weak form fər, fə(r)
1) preposition

Sense I

2)

a) ( intended for) para

is there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?

my love for her — mi amor por ella

clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer

is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?

b) ( on behalf of) por

I did it for you — lo hice por ti

he plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa

they are agents for Ford — son concesionarios (de) Ford

c) ( in favor of) a favor de

3) ( indicating purpose)

what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?

it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos

it's for decoration — es de adorno

I ran for cover — corrí a guarecerme

an operation for a stomach ulcer — una operación de úlcera de estómago

it's for your own good! — es por tu (propio) bien!

to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera

I've come for my son — vengo a buscar a mi hijo

to be for it — (colloq)

here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)

4)

a) (as)

we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar

what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?

I can now see him for what he is — ahora me doy cuenta de cómo es en realidad

b) ( representing)

D for David — D de David

what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?

c) ( instead of) por

could you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?

5) ( giving reason) por

for that reason — por esa razón

if it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...

for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos

6)

a) ( in exchange for) por

I bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares

not for anything in the world — por nada del mundo

she left him for somebody else — lo dejó por otro

b) ( indicating proportion) por

for every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20

7)

a) ( as concerns) para

it's too cold for me here — aquí hace demasiado frío para mí

that's men for you! — todos los hombres son iguales!

b) ( expressing appropriateness)

it's not for me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir

8)

a) ( in spite of)

for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena

b) (with infinitive clause)

it's unusual for me to forget a name — es raro que se me olvide un nombre

is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?

9) ( in exclamations)

oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!

Sense II

10) ( in the direction of) para

the plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York

11)

a) ( indicating duration)

he spoke for half an hour — habló (durante) media hora

I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí

I'll be away for a week — voy a estar fuera una semana

how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?

that's enough for now — basta por ahora

we've enough food for six weeks — tenemos comida suficiente para seis semanas

b) ( on the occasion of) para

he gave it to me for my birthday — me lo regaló para mi cumpleaños

c) (by, before) para

we have to be there for six o'clock — tenemos que estar allí a las seis

12) ( indicating distance)

we drove for 20 miles — hicimos 20 millas

we could see for miles — se podía ver hasta muy lejos

II

conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque

[fɔː(r)] When for is part of a phrasal verb, eg look for, make for, stand for, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg as for, a gift for, for sale, eager for, look up the other word.
1. PREPOSITION

1) (=going to) para

the train for London — el tren para or de Londres

he left for Rome — salió para Roma

the ship left for Vigo — el buque partió (con) rumbo a Vigo

he swam for the shore — fue nadando hacia la playa

2) (=intended for) para

a table for two — una mesa para dos

a cupboard for toys — un armario para los juguetes

a cloth for polishing silver — un paño para sacarle brillo a la plata

it's not for cutting wood — no sirve para cortar madera

there's a letter for you — hay una carta para ti

is this for me? — ¿es para mí esto?

I have news for you — tengo que darte una noticia

hats for women — sombreros de señora

clothes for children — ropa infantil

I decided that it was the job for me — decidí que era el puesto que me convenía

she decided that hang-gliding was not for her * — decidió que el vuelo con ala delta no era lo suyo

3) (to express purpose) para

he went there for a rest — fue allí para descansar

we went to Tossa for our holidays — fuimos a pasar las vacaciones a Tossa, fuimos a Tossa para las vacaciones

• what for? — ¿para qué?

what's it for? — ¿para qué es or sirve?

what do you want it for? — ¿para qué lo quieres?

what did you do that for? — ¿por qué hiciste eso?

4) (employment) para

he works for the government — trabaja para el gobierno

to write for the papers — escribir para los periódicos

5) (=on behalf of)

I'll ask him for you — se lo preguntaré de tu parte

I'll go for you — iré yo en tu lugar

"I can't iron this shirt" - "don't worry, I'll iron it for you" — -no puedo planchar esta camisa -no te preocupes, yo te la plancho

"I still haven't booked the ticket" - "I'll do it for you" — -no he reservado el billete todavía -ya lo haré yo

who is the representative for your group? — ¿quién es el representante de vuestro grupo?

6) (=as in) de

G for George — G de Gerona

7) (=in exchange for) por

I'll give you this book for that one — te cambio este libro por ese

he'll do it for £25 — lo hará por 25 libras

for every one who voted yes, 50 voted no — por cada persona que votó a favor, 50 votaron en contra

• to pay 50 pence for a ticket — pagar 50 peniques por una entrada

• pound for pound, it's cheaper — es más económico de libra en libra

the government will match each donation pound for pound — el gobierno igualará cada donativo, libra a libra

• I sold it for £5 — lo vendí por or en 5 libras

8) (=to the value of)

a cheque for £500 — un cheque or talón por valor de 500 libras

how much is the cheque for? — ¿por cuánto es el cheque?

9) (after adjective)

a) (making comparisons) para

he's tall/mature for his age — es alto/maduro para su edad or para la edad que tiene

he's nice for a policeman — para policía es muy simpático

it's cold for July — para ser julio hace frío

it's quite good for a six-year-old — está bastante bien para un niño de seis años

b) (specifying)

it was too difficult for her — era demasiado difícil para ella, le era demasiado difícil

it was difficult for him to leave her — le resultó difícil dejarla

that's easy for you to say — para ti es fácil decirlo, a ti te es fácil decirlo

they made it very easy for us — nos lo pusieron muy fácil

10) (=in favour of) a favor de

I'm for the government — yo estoy a favor del gobierno

I'm for helping him — yo estoy a favor de ayudarle

anyone for a game of cards? — ¿alguien se apunta a una partida de cartas?

• are you for or against the idea? — ¿estás a favor o en contra de la idea?

are you for or against us? — ¿estás con nosotros o en contra?

• I'm all for it — estoy completamente a favor

• the campaign for human rights — la campaña pro derechos humanos, la campaña en pro de los derechos humanos

• a collection for the poor — una colecta a beneficio de los pobres

11) (=as, by way of)

what's for dinner? — ¿qué hay para cenar?

I had a sandwich for lunch — para almorzar me comí un bocadillo

12) (=because of) por

it's famous for its cathedral — es famosa por su catedral

if it weren't for you — si no fuera por ti

he was sent to prison for fraud — lo mandaron a la cárcel por fraude

she felt better for losing a bit of weight — se sentía mejor por haber adelgazado un poco

I couldn't see her for pot plants — no la veía por taparla las plantas

we chose it for its climate — lo escogimos por el clima

• for fear of being criticized — por miedo a la crítica, por temor a ser criticado

• to shout for joy — gritar de alegría

13) (=in spite of) a pesar de

• for all his wealth — a pesar de su riqueza

for all that — a pesar de todo

for all he promised to come, he didn't — a pesar de habérmelo prometido, no vino

14) (in expressions of time)

a) (future/past duration)
When translating for and a period of time, it is often unnecessary to translate for, as in the examples below where durante is optional:
she will be away for a month — estará fuera un mes

he worked in Spain for two years — trabajó dos años en España

I'm going for three weeks — me voy tres semanas, estaré allí tres semanas
Alternatively, translate [for] using [durante], or, especially when talking about very short periods, [por]. Use [por] also with the verb [ir], although again it is often optional in this case:
they waited for over two hours — estuvieron esperando durante más de dos horas

for a moment, he didn't know what to say — por un momento, no supo qué decir

I'm going to the country for a while — me voy al campo (por) una temporada

I'm going away for a few days — me voy (por) unos cuantos días

he won't be back for a couple of hours/days — no regresará hasta dentro de un par de horas/días, tardará un par de horas/días en regresar

we went to the seaside for the day — fuimos a pasar el día en la playa

b) (with English perfect tenses)
Use hace... que and the present to describe actions and states that started in the past and are still going on. Alternatively use the present and desde hace. Another option is sometimes llevar and the gerund. Don't use the present perfect in Spanish to translate phrases like these, unless they are in the negative.
he has been learning French for two years — hace dos años que estudia francés, estudia francés desde hace dos años, lleva dos años estudiando francés

it has not rained for 3 weeks — hace 3 semanas que no llueve, no llueve or no ha llovido desde hace 3 semanas, lleva 3 semanas sin llover

I have known her for years — hace años que la conozco, la conozco desde hace años

I haven't seen her for two years — hace dos años que no la veo, no la he visto desde hace dos años, no la veo desde hace dos años, llevo dos años sin verla
Notice how the tenses change when talking about something that [had] happened or [had been] happening [for] a time:
he had been learning French for two years — hacía dos años que estudiaba francés, estudiaba francés desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años estudiando francés

I hadn't seen her for two years — hacía dos años que no la veía, no la había visto desde hacía dos años, no la veía desde hacía dos años, llevaba dos años sin verla

15) (=by, before) para

can you do it for tomorrow? — ¿lo puedes hacer para mañana?

when does he want it for? — ¿para cuándo lo quiere?

16) (=on the occasion of) para

I'll be home for Christmas — estaré en casa para las Navidades

he asked his daughter what she would like for her birthday — le preguntó a su hija qué le gustaría para su cumpleaños

17) (=for a distance of)

there were roadworks for five miles — había obras a lo largo de cinco millas

we walked for two kilometres — caminamos dos kilómetros

you can see for miles from the top of the hill — desde lo alto de la colina se puede ver hasta muy lejos

18) (with infinitive clauses)

for this to be possible... — para que esto sea posible...

it's not for me to tell him what to do — yo no soy quien para decirle or no me corresponde a mí decirle lo que tiene que hacer

it's not for you to blame him — tú no eres quien para culparle

he brought it for us to see — lo trajo para que lo viéramos

their one hope is for him to return — su única esperanza es que regrese

• it's bad for you to smoke so much — te perjudica fumar tanto

• it's best for you to go — es mejor que te vayas

• there is still time for you to do it — todavía tienes tiempo para hacerlo

19) (in other expressions)

what's the German for "hill"? — ¿cómo se dice "colina" en alemán?

oh for a cup of tea! — ¡lo que daría por una taza de té!

- you're for it!

I'll be for it if he catches me here! * — ¡me la voy a cargar si me pilla aquí! *

- there's nothing for it but to jump
example
2.

CONJUNCTION liter pues, puesto que

she avoided him, for he was rude and uncouth — lo eludía puesto que or pues era grosero y ordinario

* * *

I [fɔːr, fɔː(r)], weak form [fər, fə(r)]
1) preposition

Sense I

2)

a) ( intended for) para

is there a letter for me? — ¿hay carta para mí?

my love for her — mi amor por ella

clothes for men/women — ropa de hombre/mujer

is it for sale? — ¿está en venta?, ¿se vende?

b) ( on behalf of) por

I did it for you — lo hice por ti

he plays for England — forma parte de or juega en la selección inglesa

they are agents for Ford — son concesionarios (de) Ford

c) ( in favor of) a favor de

3) ( indicating purpose)

what's that for? — ¿para qué es eso?, ¿eso para qué sirve?

it's for trimming hedges — es or sirve para recortar setos

it's for decoration — es de adorno

I ran for cover — corrí a guarecerme

an operation for a stomach ulcer — una operación de úlcera de estómago

it's for your own good! — es por tu (propio) bien!

to go out for a meal — salir* a comer fuera

I've come for my son — vengo a buscar a mi hijo

to be for it — (colloq)

here comes Dad, we're for it now! — ahí viene papá ahora sí que estamos listos or (Col tb) hechos or (CS tb) fritos! (fam)

4)

a) (as)

we're having chicken for dinner — vamos a cenar pollo or hay pollo para cenar

what's for dessert? — ¿qué hay de postre?

I can now see him for what he is — ahora me doy cuenta de cómo es en realidad

b) ( representing)

D for David — D de David

what's (the) German for ``ice cream''? — ¿cómo se dice ``helado'' en alemán?

c) ( instead of) por

could you call him for me? — ¿podrías llamarlo tú?, ¿me harías el favor de llamarlo?

5) ( giving reason) por

for that reason — por esa razón

if it weren't for Joe... — si no fuera por Joe...

for one thing it's too costly and for another we don't need it — para empezar es muy caro y además no lo necesitamos

6)

a) ( in exchange for) por

I bought the book for $10 — compré el libro por 10 dólares

not for anything in the world — por nada del mundo

she left him for somebody else — lo dejó por otro

b) ( indicating proportion) por

for every one we find, there are 20 that get away — por cada uno que encontramos, se nos escapan 20

7)

a) ( as concerns) para

it's too cold for me here — aquí hace demasiado frío para mí

that's men for you! — todos los hombres son iguales!

b) ( expressing appropriateness)

it's not for me to decide — no me corresponde a mí decidir

8)

a) ( in spite of)

for all her faults, she's been very kind to us — tendrá sus defectos, pero con nosotros ha sido muy buena

b) (with infinitive clause)

it's unusual for me to forget a name — es raro que se me olvide un nombre

is there time for us to have a cup of coffee? — ¿tenemos tiempo de tomar un café?

9) ( in exclamations)

oh, for some peace and quiet — qué (no) daría yo por un poco de paz y tranquilidad!

Sense II

10) ( in the direction of) para

the plane/bus for New York — el avión/autobús para or de Nueva York

11)

a) ( indicating duration)

he spoke for half an hour — habló (durante) media hora

I've only been here for a day — sólo llevo un día aquí, hace sólo un día que estoy aquí

I'll be away for a week — voy a estar fuera una semana

how long are you going for? — ¿por cuánto tiempo vas?, ¿cuánto tiempo te vas a quedar?

that's enough for now — basta por ahora

we've enough food for six weeks — tenemos comida suficiente para seis semanas

b) ( on the occasion of) para

he gave it to me for my birthday — me lo regaló para mi cumpleaños

c) (by, before) para

we have to be there for six o'clock — tenemos que estar allí a las seis

12) ( indicating distance)

we drove for 20 miles — hicimos 20 millas

we could see for miles — se podía ver hasta muy lejos

II

conjunction (liter) pues (liter), puesto que (frml), porque

English-spanish dictionary > for

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this state is a member country of the UN

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: со всех языков на все языки

this state is a member country of the UN

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